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Please enable sound! 3 videos have sound. This is an overview of 2012 existing and emerging technologies and opportunities with 3D printing and bio-printing. This is a very broad field, and highly technical, thus this presentation has no pretension in covering every bits of informations, but rather present a big picture to answer the question: why does it matter? This presentation is a slightly modified version of a face-to-face presentation I have done. In the original presentation, only the violin demo had sound, but I added sound for 2 more videos here where I thought that was necessary since I cannot speak to you. The presentation originally lasted 15 to 20 minutes without the bonus material, which was used on request to answer questions after the presentation. You can download the full presentation with comments and videos embedded as an ODP file at: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bz3o2wTnXoAdWlRybGJWQjQ2ams Size: about 25 MB
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3D Printers,3D Printers, bio-printers bio-printers and physibles and physibles
3D Printers, bio-printers and physibles
By Stephen LarroqueComputer Science student at the
University Pierre-and-Marie-Curie of Paris
An inventory in 2012 of existing and emerging technologies and opportunities
• Myth of Daedalus
• 3D Printers
• Bio-Printers
• Opening to the future
• Conclusion
Outline
Myth of Daedalus
Wings made of feathers and waxAutomatons
3D Printersaka additive manufacturing
• 1980s :– Early examples– SLS, Stereolithography and FDM patented
• 1995 : « 3D printing » term coined at MIT
• 2005 : RepRap project is born
• 2009 :– MakerBot first kits– Thingiverse
• 2012 : ThePirateBay Physibles
A little history
• 1980s : 3D printers are big and expensive (100K$ to 1M$)
• Very complicated setup
• Only rapid prototyping, no final product
• Used for :– industrial prototypes– Architects scale models
• And that’s all !
Some historical constraints...
Modern printers How it works
• Object shaped layer-by-layer
What you can make
What you can make 2
3D printed « Stradivarius »-like violin(see next slide for video)
• Dynamic gears (all-in-one-part printing)
What you can make 3
no assembly!
• Interactive objects, sensorsand circuit boards
What you can make 4
• Micro structures
What you can make 5
A 285 µm racecar
St. Stephen's Cathedral, ViennaLondon Tower Bridge
smaller than a grain of sand
• Big structures (sand, car, guns, engine, aircraft, drones, metamaterials, etc..)
What you can make 6
What you can make 7
Areion EV: 140 KM/H
What you can make 8
• Food printers, in near-future meat printers
What you can make 9
• Perfectly tailored prostheses
What you can make 10
• Perfectly tailored prostheses
What you can make 11
Lightweight & cheap “Magic Arms” exoskeleton made for children(next slide for video)
• Wide resolution range (micro objects to buildings)
• Complex structures otherwise impossible to make
• Lightweight (no joint overhead)
• Cheaper than any other manufacturing solution
• Stronger (all in one part = no joint failure)
• Ecological: Smaller CO2 footprint
• No waste of material
• Advent of rapid manufacturing (vs rapid prototyping)
Advantages of 3D printing
• Still expensive
• Complex to use
• It’s only hype
• Or is it really ?
Limits ?
• DIY opensource 3D printer
• Self-replicating (almost)
• Object duplication w/ 3D scanner (cheap)
• Many forks (like Linux distributions)
• Most common 3D printer
• Quick propagation
• « Print parties »,FabLabs,Public Libraries
• Universal constructor?
The RepRap project
3D Bio-printersaka regenerative medicine
• The culture of organs by Alexis Carrel & Charles A Lindbergh, 1938• 1996 : First successful real world use of a biomaterial• 2002 : Pr M. Nakamura noticed standard ink droplets ≈ size of human
cells, and made the first 3D bio-printed biomaterial (with alive cells) using an Epson inkjet.
• 2003 : Thomas Boland’s lab made first 2D bioprinter• 2008 :
– Pr M. Nakamura invented first working bioprinter to print biotubes (blood vessel)– Organovo’s NovoGen MMX first commercial bioprinter
• 2011 : New 3D bio printer technologies demonstrated by Dr Anthony Atala
Quick history
• Works similarly to 3D-printers
• Use Bio-Materials scaffolds + living cells
How it works
RESULT
How it works 2
Printing a rat’s heart
• Can engineer anything: bones, ears, fingers, blood vessels, heart, lungs, bladder, skin, etc.
Printing organs
Skin in-situ scanner+regenerator
Printing organs 2
3D bioprinted lab grown lung
Opening to the futureOr how 3D printing may change our lives
• Repair/replace a damaged organ• Instant product (no delivery)• Food safer and ecological production• Shareable objects, peer-to-peer objects sharing,
collective production (eg : relatives help to make a car just like building a house)
• Open-source objects• Transplants abundance, no chance of rejection• May abolish manual (child?) labor• Might improve lives in resource-challenged world's
regions
Future good scenarios
• Identity theft (eg: 3D copy of fingerprint, or even whole hand!)
• Goods counterfeiting• Weapons production (massive production or
custom undetected weapons)• Terrorism and remote access (hacking your
3D printer and print a bomb or a remote drone)
• Cloning soldiers?• Grey goo end-of-world scenario
Future bad scenarios
Conclusion
Conclusion• 3D printing ≠ 2D printing + 1D
• 3D printing is rapidly maturing
• Still a lot to discover
• Can save lives (literally)
• May disrupt property and manufacturing processes
• Ethical and law questions need to be solved
• Potentially very dangerous
• Books– The culture of organs by Alexis Carrel & Charles A Lindbergh, 1938
– Check the comments across the presentation for more
• Magazines– Make: Ultimate guide to 3D printing (Nov 2012)
Further reading/viewing
• Videos– Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney and Growing new organs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RMx31GnNXY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SfRgg9botI
– Klaus Stadlmann - The world's smallest 3D Printerhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2IQkKE7h9I
– Lisa Harouni: A primer on 3D printinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhYvDS7q_V8&feature=related
– Interview of Dr Adrian Bowyer, inventor of RepRaphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltYeNuOvLn0
• Websites– 3ders.org
– reprap.org
– thingiverse.com
– thepiratebay.se/browse/605
– euromold.com
Further reading/viewing
– Dr Attalan Ted Talks
– Stratasys’s “Magic Arms” and turbo-prop aircraft engine
– NASA’s rover
– Sean Charlesworth’s Octopod
– 3D printed 2D printer by students at the University of Virginia
– Disney Research’s optic fibered interactive 3D printed objects
– RepRap project for images
– Micro printer from the TU Vienna and presented by Klaus Stadlmann
– Columbia Pictures for the Skyfall movie image
– Aston Martin for the DB5 model
– Areion is part of the Formula Group T project run by Belgian masterstudents
– Urbee team
– Objet for the 3D printing videos demonstrations
– DARPA’s Ostrich robot (FastRunner)
– EOS for the Stradivarius like violin
References
Fun fact
Aston Martin DB5 3D printed replica
Bonus material
• 3 established technologies :– SLS (selective laser sintering)– FDM (fused depostion modeling)– SLA (stereolithograhpy)
• Newcomers :– Sand Clustering (buildings)– Contour Crafting (printing concrete buildings)– Two-photon Lithography (micro structures)– Corner Lithography (nano structures)
Modern 3D printers technos
• 3D printers materials :– thermoplastics, any metal alloy (including
aliminium and titanium), plaster, concrete, ceramic, sand, edible (eg: chocolate, meat), etc..
– Meta materials (“invisibility cloaks”!)
• Bio printers materials :– agar, gelatine, chitosan, clollagen, and
alginate and fibrin.– Recently done : human stem cells.
3D printing materials
• 3D printers :– DIY: from 250$
– Assembled kits : from 450$
– Industrial pro 3D printers: from 1,000$ to 15,000$
• 3D bio-printers :– DIY: not yet communicated, but probably low (based on
standard inkjets or on RepRap)
– Industrial : Bioplotter is priced 18,000$
• Materials :– Thermoplastic filaments: 10$ - 40$ / kg
– Other materials : usually less than what another manufacturing process would incur
– Object the size of a computer mouse ≈ $2
3D printing cost
Current research goal: extend lifespan of biomaterials from 10 (1 decade) to 40 years (4 decades) or more.
A few people already live with engineered organs since more than 10 years.
• 1st-gen method: Use a standard desktop printer, but with "ink-cells" and a depth platform.
(2 chambers heart, 40 minutes, 46 hours later the muscle's cells contract)• 2nd-gen method (current): 3D bioprinter• 3rd-gen method (future): Scanner + on-body printer• Next-gen method (future): CT scanner + 3d bioprinter
Complexity scale of organs:• blood vessels and arteries only, and other kind of organs• hollow organs• solid organs like ears or digits, because they require a big amount of cells• highly vascularized organs such as the heart, the liver or the kidney are by far
the hardest to make (ear or digits are very easy).
3D bioprinting methods
Thank you!