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Ch 5 Sistem Kendali Industri Oleh Mahros Darsin diterjemahkan dr bukunya Groo Bagian: 1. Industri Proses vs. Industri Manufakturing 2. Kendali Continnyu vs. Diskret 3. Kendali Proses Komputer ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws a No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exc Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Page 1: 3. industrial control system

Ch 5 Sistem Kendali IndustriOleh Mahros Darsin diterjemahkan dr bukunya Groover

Bagian:1. Industri Proses vs. Industri Manufakturing Diskret2. Kendali Continnyu vs. Diskret

3. Kendali Proses Komputer

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Definisi Kendali Industri

Aturan otomatis dari operasi unit dikaitkan dengan peralatan sekaligus integrasi dan koordinasi unit operasi ke sistem produksi yang lebih luas.

Unit operasiBiasanya merujuk ke operasi manufakturDan juga diaplikasikan ke material handling atau perangkat lainnya.

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Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Industri Proses vs.Industri Manufakturing Diskret

Industri prosesOperasi produksi dibuat terhadap sejumlah materialMaterials: cairan, gas, powders, dll.

Industri Manufakturing DiskretOperasi produksi dibuat terhadap sejumlah materialUnit: komponen atau produk

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Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Definisi: Variabel dan Parameter

Variabel – luaran proses Parameter – masukan prosesVariabel dan parameter kontinyu – tidak akan terganggu

selama waktu prosesJuga dipertimbangkan sebagai analog – dapat diambil sembarang nilai dalam rentang harga tertentu

Mereka tidak terbatas pada sebuah nilai diskret yg disetParameter dan variabel diskret – dapat hanya mengambil nilai tertentu pada rentang yang diberikan

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Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

Page 5: 3. industrial control system

Variabel dan Parameter Diskret

Kategori:Binary – dapat memakai dua nilai, baik ON atau OFFataupun 1 atau 0, dllDiskret lain dari binary – dapat memakai lebih dari dua nilaitetapi bukan nilai tak terbatas

Data Pulsa/denyut – serangkaian pulsa yang dapat dihitung

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Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Kontinyu dan Diskret

Variabel dan Parameter

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Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Tipe Kontrol

Sebagaimana ada dua jenis variabel dan parameter pada proses, maka ada dua jenis kendali:

Kendali kontinyuous - variabel dan parameter adalahkontinyu dan analogKendali Diskret - variabel dan parameter adalah diskret,umumnya diskret biner

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Kendali Kontinyu

Tujuan umumnya untuk menjaga nilai variabel luaranpada level yang diinginkan.

Parameter dan variabe umumnya kontinyu.Mirip seperti sistem kendali tertutup.Kebanyakan proses industri kontinyu memiliki umpan balik jamak.

Contoh proses kontinyu:Kendali luaran reaksi kimia yang bergantung pada suhu, tekanan, dllKendali posisi pahat relatif terhahadap benda kerja pada mesin CNC.

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Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Tipe Kendali Proses Kontinyu

Regulatory controlFeedforward controlSteady-State optimizationAdaptive controlOn-line search strategiesTeknik kendali lainnya:

Expert systemsNeural networks

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Regulatory Control (Kendali Regulatory)

Tujuan – menjaga kinerja proses pada level tertentu atau dalam pita toleransi yang diberikan pada level tersebut.

Sesuai jika kinerja berhubungan dengan ukuran kualitas

Ukuran kinerja kadang-kadang dihitung berdasarkan padabeberapa variabel luaran.Ukuran kinerja disebut sebagai Index of performance (IP)

Masalah dengan kendali regulatory adalah selalu ada error dalam rangka memulai aksi kendali.

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Page 11: 3. industrial control system

Regulatory Control

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Feedforward Control

Tujuan – mengantisipasi efek gangguan yang akanMengganggu proses dengan penyensoran dan pengompensasian sebelum mempengarugi proses.Model matematis menangkap efek gangguan terhadapproses.Kompensasi lengkap untuk gangguan adalah sulitkarena variasi, ketidakpresisian pada model matematis dan ketidaktepatan dalam aksi kendali.

Biasanya dikobinasi dengan kendali regulatory Kendali regulatory dan feedforward control lebih dekat berhubungan dengan industri proses.

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Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Feedforward ControlDikombinasi dengan Feedback Control

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Steady-State Optimization

Kelas teknik optimasi ketika proses menunjukkankarakteristik sbb:1. Index of performance (IP) yang terdefinisi dengan baik2. Hubungan yang dikenal antara variabel proses dan IP

3. Nilai parameter sistem yang mengoptimasi IP dapat

ditentukan secara matematis.

Open-loop systemOptimization techniques termasuk kalkulus diferensial, pemrograman matematika, dll.

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Steady State (Open-Loop)Optimal Control

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Adaptive Control

Karena optimasi steady-state adalah open-loop, maka tidak dapat mengompensasi gangguan. Adaptive control adalah bentuk self-correcting dari kendali optimal termasuk kendali umpan balik.

Mengukur variabel proses yang relevan selama operasi (kendali umpan balik). Menggunakan sebuah algoritma kendali yang mencoba mengoptimasi beberapa index of performance (optimal

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control)

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Adaptive Control beroperasi pada Lingkungan Waktu Bervariasi

Lingkungan berubah terhadap waktu dan perubahan berpotensi memengaruhi kinerja sistem.

Contoh: Pesawat Supersonic beroperasi secara berbeda pada penerbangan subsonic daripada pada supersonic.

Jika algoritma kendali adalah tetap, sistem mungkin membentuksesuatu yang cukup berbeda pada lingkungan yang berlainan.

Sebuah sistem adaptive control dirancang untuk mengompensasiatas lingkungan perubahan dengan mengubah beberapa aspek algoritma kendalinya untuk mecapai kinerja yang optimal.

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Tiga Fungsi dalam Adaptive Control

1. Fungsi Identifikasi – nilai IP sekarang ditentukan berdasarkan pada pengukuran proses variabel.

2. Fungsi Keputusan – putuskan apa perubahan yang harus dibuat untuk meningkatkan kinerja sistem.

Ubah satu atau lebih parameter inputUbah beberapa fungsi internal dari controller

3. Fungsi Modifikasi – menerapkan fungsi keputusan.Berkonsentrasi dengan perubahan fisik (hardwaredrpd software)

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Page 19: 3. industrial control system

Adaptive Control System

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Strategi Pencarian On-Line

Kelas khusus adaptive control ketika fungsi keputusan tidak dapat didefinisikan secara efisien.

Hubungan antara parameter input IP tidak diketahui atau tidak cukup dikenal untuk diimplementasikan bentuk sebelumnya dari adaptive control.

Selainnya, eksperimen dibuat pada prosesPerubahan sistematik kecil dibuat pada parameter inputuntuk mengamati efeknya.

Berdasar pada efek yang teramati, perubahan yang lebih besar dibuat untuk menggerakkan ke arah kinerja optimal.

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Sistem Kendali Diskret

Parameter dan variabel proses keduanya diskret.Parameter dan variabel proses diubah pada discrete moments in timePerubahan didefinisikan lebih lanjut sebagai programInstruksi.Perubahan dilaksanakan untuk salah satu alasan berikut:1. Pernyataan sistem (system state) telah berubah

(perubahan dipicu event)2. Sejumlah kecil waktu telah terhapus (perubahan dipicu

oleh waktu)

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Page 22: 3. industrial control system

Event-Driven Changes

Dilaksanakan oleh pengendali sebagai respon terhadap beberapa event yang telah mengubah state of the system.Contoh:

Sebuah robot memuat benda ke fixture, dan benda tsbdisensor dengan sebuah limit switch dalam fixture.The diminishing level of plastic dalam hopper pada mesin injection molding dipicu oleh ‘a low-level switch’yang membuka katup dan mengalirkan biji plastik baruke dalam hopper.Penghitungan jumlah komponen yang lewat di atas konveyor dengan sensor optis.

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Page 23: 3. industrial control system

Time-Driven Events

Dilaksanakan dengan pengendali baik pada poin waktu maupun setelah penghapusan waktu tertentu.Contoh:

Pabrik “shop clock” menyuarakan bel pada waktu kapanmenunjukkan mulai shift, mulai istirahat dan waktu hentidan akhir shift. Operasi perlakuan panas harus dilaksanakan selamawaktu tertentu.Pada mesin cuci, siklus perputaran diatur beroperasi dalam kurun waktu tertentu.

Sebaliknya, pengisisna bak mandi adalah dipicu oleh

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Keadaan ketika isi bak mandi berkurang (event-driven)

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Dua tipe Kendali Diskret

1. Kombinasi kendali logika dan kendali eksekusi dari perubahan event-driven.

Juga dikenal sebagai kendali logika.Luaran pada keadaan sebarang tergantung atas nilaimasukan.Parameter dan variabel = 0 or 1 (OFF or ON)

2. Kendali sekuensial – mengendalikan eksekusi waktu -driven changes

Menggunakan perangkat pewaktu internal untuk menentukan kapan memulai perubahan dalam variabel

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Luaran.

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Computer Process Control(Kendali Proses Komputer)

Bermula pada tahun 1950-an pada industri proses. Mainframe computers – lambat, mahal, tidak handalSet point controlDirect digital control (DDC) system diinstall pada 1962

Minicomputer diperkenalkan akhir 1960-an, microcomputerdiperkenalkan pada awal 1970-an. Programmable logic controllers diperknalkan awal 1970-anuntuk kendali proses diskret.Distributed control dimulai sekitar 1975PCs untuk kendali proses awal 1990-an.

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Page 26: 3. industrial control system

Dua Persyaratan Dasar untukReal-Time Process Control

1. Interupsi Proses- terinisiasiPengendali harus merespon masukan sinyal dari prosess (event-driven changes)Bergantung apada prioritas relatif, pengendali mungkinmenginterupsi program saat ini untuk merespon.

2. Timer-initiated actions (Aksi ter-inisiasi pewaktu)Pengendali harus dapat mengeksekusi aksi tertentupada titik-titik tertentu dalam waktu (time-driven changes)Contoh: (1) scanning sensor values, (2) turningswitches on and off, (3) re-computing optimalparameter values

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Persyaratan Kendali Komputer Lainnya

3. Perintah Computer untuk meprosesUntuk mengendalikan aktuator proses

4. System- and program-initiated eventsSystem initiated events – komunikasi antara komputer dan peripheralsProgram initiated events – aksi terkait non-prosessmisalnya pencetakan berita.

5. Operator-initiated events –menerima masukan dari personnelContoh: emergency stop

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Page 28: 3. industrial control system

Kapabilitas Kendali Computer

Polling (data sampling)InterlocksInterrupt systemException handling

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Page 29: 3. industrial control system

Polling (Data Sampling)

Penyampelan data berkala untuk menengarai status proses.Issues:1. Polling frequency – interval waktu bolak-balik antara

sampel data.2. Polling order – serangkaian titik tempat koleksi data

disample.3. Polling format – prosedur penyampelan alternative:

All sensors di-polled setiap siklusUpdate hanya data yang berubah pada diklus iniHigh-level and low-level scanning

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Interlocks

Mekanisme perlindungan untuk pengoordinasian aktivitasdua atau lebih perangkat dan pencegahan satu perangkat dari memengaruhi perangkat lainnya.

1. Input interlocks – signal dari perangkat eksternal dikirim ke controller; fungsi yang mungkin:

Melaksanakan program siklus kerjaMenyela eksekusi program siklus kerja

2. Output interlocks – signal dikirim dari pengendali ke perangkat external.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

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Interrupt System

Fitur kendali komputer yang mengjinkan pengeksekusian program saat ini supaya ditunda sehingga program laindapat dijalankan sebagai respon atas sinyal masukan yang mengindikasikan event yang lebih prioritas. Internal interrupt – dibangkitkan oleh komputer itu sendiri

Contoh: timer-initiated events, polling, system-and program initiated interrupts

External interrupts – dibangkitkan ekternal ke komputerContoh: process-initiated interrupts, operator inputs

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

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Page 32: 3. industrial control system

Interrupt Systems:(a) Single-Level and (b) Multilevel

(a)

(b)

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Page 33: 3. industrial control system

Exception Handling

Pengecualian adalah kejadian keluar dari keadaan normalatau operasi yang diinginkan dari sistem kendali proses.Contoh pengecualian:

Product quality problemVariable proses di luar jangkauan operasi normal

Kekurangan bahan bakuKondisi berbahaya misalnya apiKetidakfungsian pengendali

Exception handling adalah bentuk pendeteksian kesalahan dan perbaikan.

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Page 34: 3. industrial control system

Bentuk-bentuk Kendali Proses Komputer

1.2.3.4.5.6.

Computer process monitoringDirect digital control (DDC)Numerical control and roboticsProgrammable logic controlSupervisory controlDistributed control systems and personal computers

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

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Page 35: 3. industrial control system

Computer Process Monitoring

Komputer mengamati proses dan peralatan yang berhubungan,mengumpulkan dan merekam data dari operasi.Komputer tidak mengendalikan proses secara langsung. Tipe data yang dikoleksi:

Data proses – variabel parameter input and output

Data perangkat – utilisasi mesin, penjadwalan

penggantian pahat, diagnosis ketidakfungsian.

Data Produk – untuk memenuhi persyaratan pemerintahmis. farmasi dan medikal.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

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Page 36: 3. industrial control system

(a) Process Monitoring, (b) Open-LoopControl, and (c) Closed-Loop Control

(a)

(b)

(c)

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Page 37: 3. industrial control system

Direct Digital Control (DDC)

Adalah bentuk kendali proses komputer dengan komponen tertentu dalam sistem kendali analog konvensional diganti dengan komputer digital.Circa: tahun 1960-an mengguanakn mainframesAplikasi: industri prosesDikerjakan pada time-shared, basis data sampel daripadasecara kontinyu dengan komponen terdidikai/resmi.

Komponen tetap dalam DDC: sensor dan aktuator.

Komponen diganti dalam DDC: kendali analog,perekaman dan instrumen display, set point dials.

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Page 38: 3. industrial control system

Loo Kendali Analog pada Umumnya

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Komponen dari Direct Digital Control System

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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DDC (lanjutan)

Pada mulanya dipandang sebagai sebuah alat yang lebihefisien dengan fungsi yang sama seperti kendali analog.Kesempatan berikutnya menjadi lebih nyata akan guna DDC:

Lebih banyak opsi kendali daripada kendali analog (PIDcontrol), mis. penggabungan antara kendali diskret dan kontinyu.Integrasi dan optimasi loop jamak. Editing program kendali.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Numerical Control and Robotics

Computer numerical control (CNC) – komputer memerintahmesin perkakas melalui serangkaian langkah pemrosesan yang didefinisikan oleh program instruksi.

Tampilan yang menonjol pada NC – kendali posisi pahatterhadap objek yang diproses.Penghitungan diperlukan untuk menentukan trayektori

Industrial robotics – manipulator joints dikendalikan untuk menggerakkan dan orientasi ujung lengan mencapai posisipada siklus kerja.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

pahat.

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Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Pengendali berbasi microprocessor yang mengeksekusi program instruksi untuk mengimplemenasi logika, urutan, perhitungan, dan fungsi aritmetik untuk mengendalikan mesin industri dan proses. Diperkenalkan sekitar tahun 1970-an untuk mengganti pengendali rele elektromekanis pada manaufakturing produk

PLC saat ini untuk kendali diskret dan kontinyu baik pada industri proses maupun industri produk diskret.

diskret.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Supervisory Control

Pada industri proses, kendali supervisory menunjukkan sebuahsistem kendali yang mengatur aktivitas sejumlah unit operasi terintegrasi untuk mencapai tujuan ekonomi tertentu.

Pada manufakturing diskret, kendali supervisori adalah sistemkendali yang memerintahkan dan menkoordinasi aktivitasbeberapa buah perangkat antarmuka pada sebuah sistem manufakturing.

Fungsi: penjadwalan produksi efisien, pelacakan umur pahat, optimasi operasi parameter.

Lebih dekat diasosiasikan dengan industri proses.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Supervisory Control Superimposed onProcess Level Control System

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Distributed Control Systems (DCS)

Multiple microcomputers dihubungjan bersama untuk berbagi dan mendistribusi beban kerja kendali proses. Tampilan:

Stasiun kendali proses jamak untuk mengendalikan loopindividual dan perangkatnya.Ruang kendali pusat tempat kendali supervisi dikerjakan.

Stasiun operator lokal untuk kelebihan. Jaringan komunikasi (jalur data).

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Distributed Control System

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Keuntungan DCS

Dapat diisntstal pada kenfigurasi yang sangat mendasar, kemudian dikembangkan dan dipertinggi sesuai kebutuhan masa datang.Multiple computers memfasilitasi parallel multitasking.Redundancy akibat multiple computersKabel kendali berkurang dibanding konfigurasi pengendaliterpusat.Jaringan menyediakan informasi proses seluruh pabrik sehingga pabrik dan manajemen proses lebih efisien.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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PC pada Kendali Proses

Dua kategori aplikasi PC pada kendali proses:

1. Operator interface – PC diintegrasikan ke satu atau lebihPLC dan perangkat lainnya yang mengendalikan prosessecara langsung.

PC melakukan fungsi pemantauan dan pengawasantertentu, namun tidak mengendalikan proses scr langsung.

2. Direct control – PC diintegrasikan langsung ke proses dan mengendalikan operasinya secara real time.

Pemikiran tradisional adalah inilah beresiko.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Enablers of PCs for Direct Control

Pekerja umumnya sudah terbiasa dengan PCs.Ketersediaan Pc dengan kinerja tinggi.

Kecepatan siklus PC saat ini melebihi kecepatan PLC.Filosofi arsitek terbuka dalam perancangan sistem kendali.

Vendor Hardware dan software mengikuti standar yang memungkinkan produk mereka dapat diantaroperasikan

Sistem operasi PC yang memfasilitasi kendali real-time dan jaringan. Keterbukaan PC untuk level industri.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

(interoperable).

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Enterprise-WideIntegrasi Data Pabrik

Para manager punya akses langsung ke operasi pabrik.Para perencana punya data terkini tentang waktu produksidan tarif untuk tujuan penjadwalan. Personel penjualan dapat menyediakan tanggal pengirimanrealistis, berdasar pada beban kerja terkini di pabrik.Pelacak pemesanan dapat menyediakan status informasi terkini untuk menanyai pelanggan.QC dapat mengakses isu mutu dari pesanan sebelumnya. Accounting mempunyai data ongkos produksi terkini. Personel produksi dapat mengakses data perancanganproduk untuk menjelaskan kekaburan.

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.

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Enterprise-Wide PC-basedDistributed Control System

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover.