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THE RANKING OF GLOBAL IMMIGRANT CITIES
Lisa Benton-Short, Marie D. Price & Samantha Friedman
Instructor : Huang Luixin
Students: Vo My Y
Nguyen Thi Thanh Xuan
Nguyen Dinh Khoa
Nguyen Dan Quynh
THE VIETNAMESE GERMAN UNIVERSITYURBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
CONTENT
Key words
Paper description
Overall comments
1. KEY WORDS (1/2)
Global immigrant cities
Multi-culture, dramatic socio-cultural changes
Global city dynamics
Hyper-diverse cities
Globalization from below/bottom-up
From microcosm
Global urban hierarchy
Ranking cities in the past 20 years
Intensification of global processes
Racing of top ranking & global city dynamics
Foreign-born residents/population
People who were born in destination countries
Unskilled/Skilled international labor migration
Are characteristic of global cities
Destinations/Sending city
Urban immigrant index
New variable index (Alpha, Beta, Gamma cities)
1. KEY WORDS (2/2)
2.1. Previous Approaches
Urban study developments:
• The past 30 years: “world city” hierarchy (economic, financial hubs)
• The past 20 years: “networks”, “ranking”, “functional node”
Limitations of the previous approaches
• Imbalanced database & weighs of studies on urban hierarchy/global networks
No consistency among studies
• One dimensional measurements on economy as criteria
• Informal competition among cities
Economic prestige & investment
Linkages btw. cities/countries to the global
Self-perpetuation of city status competitions among cities
New approach: connection among urbanization, immigration & globalization
2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (1/7)
2.2. Necessity of study on urban immigration
• Better assessment of how and where immigration impact on political,
economic, social and cultural dimensions of cities.
• Expand the range of criteria used to assess city ‘globalness’
Include immigration in world cities research.
• Ranking immigrant urban destinations
• Call attention to impacted cities under significant social &
demographic change due to immigration.
2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (2/7)
2.3. Empirical study
Methods
• To Chose pilot cities (150 cities).
• To Collect data/date sourcing.
• The US Census International Program Center Library outside Washington DC.
• United Nations Population Division immigration database.
• Official government websites
NEW RESEARCH GaWC
• Selected 116 cities
• Classification based on foreign-born
• Include regions often overlooked: South
Asia, Latin America, western Africa…
• Selected 55 cities
• Three distinct levels
• Focus in major economic regions : North
America, Western Europe, Pacific Asia.
2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (3/7)
2.3. Empirical study Methods
• To characterize the origin countries of the immigrant stock.• An = (bn-an)/sn• bn: Value of each characteristic• an: Avarage• sn: Standard deviation
• Determining the percentage of foreign-born. (b1, a1, s1 A1)• Account for the total numbers of immigrants. (b2, a2, s2 A2)• Percentage of immigrants not from neighboring countries (relative distance traveled). (b3, a3, s3 A3)• Diversity of the immigrant stock (no one group represented more than 25%) (b4, a4, s4 A4)
• Building up “Z-score” based on the four variables• Weighted the level of importance by specific ratio
• Z = 40%A1 + 30%A2 + 15%A3±15%A4• Ranking • Base on calculation of Z ranger from -1.1 to 2.1• Z = -1.1: less culturally globalized by immigration.• Z= 2.1: more culturally globalized by immigration.
2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (4/7)
2.3. Empirical study Findings
• Ranking cities based on percentage of foreign-born (top 25) arranged based on the format of World City Roaster (next slide)
• Many major economic centers ≡ important cultural globalization areas (immigration & diversity) (North American & Australian cities)
• Many cities overlooked & understudied (*) with regard to immigration (Europe & Middle East vs. traditionally North America, Western Europe & Pacific Asia); (*) Latin America, Western Africa, Southern Africa, South Asia 7/25 top: Middle East
• Identify the need to generate, collect & store urban immigration data accessible for scholars & policymakers.
• Need multi-variable index to better examine the role of immigration in cultural globalization.
2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (5/7)
WORLD CITY ROSTER URBAN IMMIGRANT INDEX
Alpha cities Alpha cities
London, New York, Tokyo, Paris, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan, Singapore
New York, Toronto, Dubai, Los Angeles, London, Sydney, Miami, Melbourne, Amsterdam, Vancouver
Beta cities Beta cities
San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich, Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paolo, Moscow, Seoul
Riyadh, Geneva, Paris, Tel Aviv, Montreal, Washington DC, The Hague, Kiev, San Francisco
Gamma cities Gamma cities
Amsterdam, Boston, Caracas, Dallas, Düsseldorf, Geneva, Houston, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Melbourne, Osaka, Prague, Santiago, Taipei, Washington DC, Bangkok, Beijing, Montreal, Rome, Stockholm, Warsaw, Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Munich, Shanghai
Munich, Calgary, Jerusalem, Boston, Chicago, Ottawa, Edmonton, Frankfurt, Winnipeg, Brussels, Düsseldorf, Seattle, Rotterdam, Houston, Brisbane, San Diego, Copenhagen, Bonn, Detroit, Milan, Cologne, Zurich, Rome, Berlin, Vienna, Portland, Hamburg, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Singapore, Stockholm, Dallas-Ft., Tokyo, Tbilisi, Quebec City, Buenos Aires, Oslo
Comparison of two method ranking 2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (6/7)
2.3. Empirical study Shortcomings
• Incomparable data (different sources, different data publication, lack of
consistent standard of data sources administratively)
• Over/under counting foreign-born due to legal status of immigrants
• Gap of quality & detailed of database btw developed countries vs.
developing ones
• Fail to measure the dynamics of immigration via its composition
(indirectly criteria 3) & reasons (religion, employment, pull of social
networks)
2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (7/7)
• New approach of ranking urban
(Immigrants – socio-cultural, economic impact)
• Better understanding of urban diversities, dynamics & intensification
(urbanization – immigration – globalization )
• Establishment of new measurement index: Urban Immigrant Index
• Increasing cultural complexity of cities Globalization beyond economic
indicators.
• Further studies for standardization of database for the world’s cities in
urbanization
3. OVERAL COMMENTS
THANK YOU