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Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
carlo vezzoli politecnico di milano . INDACO dpt. . DIS . faculty of design . Italy
Learning Network on Sustainability
course System Design for Sustainability subject 2. Introduction to product Life Cicle Design (LCD)
learning resource 2.1
Product Life Cycle Design
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
CONTENTS . Product design environmental requirements . Damaging environmental effects . Life cycle assessment (LCA) . Life Cycle Design approach: life cycle + functional . Product Life Cycle Design criteria . Resources minimisation . Low impact resources selection . Product life optimisation . Material life extension . Design for disassembly
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
(product) LIFE CYCLE DESIGN
(or eco-design, design for the environment, …)
the discipline integrating
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
within the PRODUCT design process
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
PRODUCT DESIGN
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
- RELATED TO:
(DAMAGING) ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
- ASSOCIATED HOW (TO A PRODUCT):
> LIFE CYCLE AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
EACH ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT IS BASED ON A SUBSTANCE’S EXCHANGE (IMPACT) BETWEEN THE NATURE/ENVIRONMENT AND A (ANTHROPIC TRASFORMATION) PROCESS OF A PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION SYSTEM
input: substance extraction from the environment
output: substance emission in the environment
(not all impacts damage with the same entity)
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
INPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS
RESOURCES EXHAUSTION
ALTERATION OF THE ECOSYSTEMS’ BALANCE
(damaging outputs of extractive processes)
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
OUTPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS
global warming (greenhouse effect) ozone layer depletion eutrophication acidification smog toxicity wastes ...
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
serra
greenhouse effect
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
ozono
ozone layer deplation
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
eutrhophication
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
acid
ifica
tion
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
toxici ty
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
rifiuti wastes
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
CAN WE ASSOCIATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS TO A PRODUCT? AND HOW?
CRITERIA: - PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE - FUNCTIONAL UNIT EVALUATION METHOD: - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
PRODUCT
LIFE CYCLE
APPROACH
other
product’s
life cycle
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
FUNCTIONAL UNIT (APPROACH)
IS NOT THE PRODUCT TO BE ASSESSED (DESIGNED) BUT, THE WHOLE OF THE PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE FULFILLMENT OF A GIVEN FUNCTION
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCT
LCA: LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
a quantitative method to assess the environmental effects of the life cycle of a given product/service in relation to its functional units
ISO 14040
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
e.g. LCA upholstered seat (8 years life span)
PRE-PROD. PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
e.g. LCA refrigerator (10 years life span)
PRE-PROD. PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN: APPROACH
an extended design horizon
from product design
to the design of the product LIFE CYCLE stages
the design “reference”
from product design
to product’s “FUNCTION” design
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
LIFE CYCLE DESIGN (LCD) ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMETS:
MINIMIZE THE INPUTS AND THE OUTPUTS
quantitatively
qualitatively
in relation to life cycle and functional unit
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
LCD: ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA
RESOURCES MINIMISATION
LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION
PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
MATERAIL USE MINIMISATION
in life cycle phases
ENERGY USE MINIMISATION
in life cycle phases
RESOURCES MINIMISATION
quantitative impact reduction (life cycle/function) DESIGN FOR:
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
RESOURCES CONSERVATION/RENEWABILITY
in all life cycle phases
RESOURCES NON TOXICITY AND HARMFULNESS
in all life cycle phases
LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION
qualitative impact reduction (life cycle/function)
DESIGN FOR:
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
RESOURCES RENEWABILITY
DEPENDS ON:
- RE-GROWING SPECIFIC SPEED
- EXTRACTION FREQUENCY
a resource is renewable if: a context related
anthropic consumption rate < natural re-growing rate
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
MATERIALS’ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
A RANKING FROM THE BEST TO THE WORST IS
(USUALLY) “MISLEADING ”
DEPENDS ON:
- MATERIAL-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
- CHARACTERISTICS GIVEN TO PRODUCT
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
DESIGN FOR:
EXTENDING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) LIFE SPAN
INTENSIFYING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) USE
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
USE
PRE-PRODUCTION
NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER USE CONSUMPTION
USE
DISP.
P-PROD.
PROD.
DISTRIB.
UPDATING OF THE COMPONENTS CAUSING CONSUMPTION
PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
USE
DISPOSAL
same function in time
PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
USE USE
AVOIDED IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTS
short product/component life
extended product/component life
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
use (function) during time
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.
B 1 B 2 B 3 A 1 A 2 A 3 C 1 C 2 C 3
A 1 A 2 A 3
B 1 B 2 B 3
C 1 C 2 C 3
LIF
E I
ND
IPEN
DEN
T F
RO
M L
EN
GH
T O
F U
SE
AVOIDED IMPACTS
products/components not intense life
product/component intense life
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
Ds
Ds
Ds
PP P Dt
PP P Dt
PP P Dt
PP P Dt Ds
use (function) during of time
PP P Dt Ds
PP P Dt Ds
NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER USE CONSMPTION
NEW PRE AND POST CONSUMPTION TECHNOLOGIES WITH LOWER IMPACT
LIF
E F
UN
CTIO
N O
F L
EN
GH
T O
F U
SE
not intense life products/components
intense life products/components LIGHTER IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTS
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
DESIGN FOR:
RECYCLING
ENERGY RECOVERY
COMPOSTING
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE
LANDFILL
PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE
PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE
RECYCLING
COMBUSTION
COMPOSTING
PRE-PRODUCTION
material non-extended life
material extended life
AVOIDED IMPACTS ADDITIONAL IMPACTS
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
POST-CONSUMPTION RECYCLING PHASES: (COMBUSTION, COMPOSTING)
. collection
. transportation
. separation (disassembly a/o crushing)
. identification
. cleaning
. secondary raw material’s production
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
MATERIALS’ RECYCLABILITY (COMB., COMP.)
DIPENDS ON:
- SPECIFIC MATERIAL’S CHARACTERISTICS performances recovery (and process costs)
- PRODUCT’S ARCHITECTURE
- RECYCLING PHASES
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
> of parts/components PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION
> of materials MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION
DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
Carlo Vezzoli
Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy
FOR DECISION MAKING (DESIGNING) identify the (environmental) design PRIORITIES:
> CRITERIA relevance (relative) per product type
> most promising criteria related GUIDELINES
INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA/GUIDELINES
FOR A GIVEN PRODUCT: - some have HIGHER RELEVANCE than others - can be SYNERGETIC or CONFLICTING