2011 Spanish Grammar Book2011 Spanish Grammar Book

Tiana AnthonyTiana Anthony

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTitle page Title page Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Present Present Stem Changers Stem Changers Irregular “Yo” verbs Irregular “Yo” verbs Saber vs. ConocerSaber vs. ConocerReflexives Reflexives ““Se” impersonal Se” impersonal Dipthongs with accentsDipthongs with accentsVerbs similar to Gustar Verbs similar to Gustar Irregular verbs ending in Uir/Guir, Cer/Cir, Ger/Gir Irregular verbs ending in Uir/Guir, Cer/Cir, Ger/Gir Hace + ___ + que ___ + present/preterito Hace + ___ + que ___ + present/preterito ImperfectImperfectPreteritePreterite

– Cucaracha verbsCucaracha verbs– Spock verbsSpock verbs– Snake and snakeySnake and snakey– Trigger wordsTrigger words

FutureFutureComparativesComparativesSuperlativesSuperlatives

Presente –er, -ar, -irPresente –er, -ar, -ir

-ar -ar -er-er -ir-ir

yoyo OO OO OO

TuTu AsAs EsEs EsEs

El/Ella/El/Ella/

UstedUsted

AA EE EE

Nosotros Nosotros (as)(as)

AmosAmos EmosEmos ImosImos

Ellos (as)/ Ellos (as)/ UstedesUstedes

AnAn EnEn En En

Stem ChangersStem Changers

e e ie ie

o o ue ue

e e I I

u u ueue

Also called boot verbs. There is no stem change in the nosotros/vosotros

Irregular –zco, -go, -oyIrregular –zco, -go, -oy

-oy(dar) -go(tener) -zco(conocer)-oy(dar) -go(tener) -zco(conocer)

doy damos tengo tenemos conozcodoy damos tengo tenemos conozco

das dais tienes tieneis conoces conoseisdas dais tienes tieneis conoces conoseis

da dan tiene tienen conoce conocenda dan tiene tienen conoce conocen***Irregular “YO” verbs only change in the yo form***Irregular “YO” verbs only change in the yo form

Saber vs. ConocerSaber vs. Conocer

Conocer- to knowConocer- to know

Saber-to knowSaber-to know

Use saber Use conocerUse saber Use conocer

-express knowledge -recognizing a-express knowledge -recognizing a

or info about a certain a person, place,or info about a certain a person, place,

thing or object. thing or object.

Los ReflextivosLos Reflextivos

What are they?What are they?– They are what are reflected upon oneself or other.They are what are reflected upon oneself or other.

Me Lavarse- Mi lavo mi cara.Me Lavarse- Mi lavo mi cara.Te Peintarse- Te peines tu pelo.Te Peintarse- Te peines tu pelo.Se Cepillarse- Se cepilla mi dientes.Se Cepillarse- Se cepilla mi dientes.Nos Pedirse- Nos pedimos a maestra.Nos Pedirse- Nos pedimos a maestra.Os Levantarse-Os levantiosa mi cama.Os Levantarse-Os levantiosa mi cama.Se Rescarse- Se rescan los brazosSe Rescarse- Se rescan los brazos

Dipthongs with accentsDipthongs with accents

Weak vowel- I, y, uWeak vowel- I, y, u

Strong vowel- a,e,oStrong vowel- a,e,o

Used when a strong Used when a strong vowel or 2 weak vowel or 2 weak vowel come together vowel come together to firm one syllable.to firm one syllable.

Esuiar- to ski Esuiar- to ski

Yo- equioYo- equio Nosotros- Nosotros- EsquiamosEsquiamos

Tu-EsquiasTu-Esquias Vosotros- Vosotros- EsquiaisEsquiais

El,Ella, El,Ella, Usted- Usted- EsquiaEsquia

Ellos-Ellos-EsquianEsquian

““Se” impersonalSe” impersonal

What is it used for?What is it used for?– It is used to make general statements.It is used to make general statements.– Se + third person formSe + third person form

Passive Voice

-specifys what happened to the subject

-Without saying who or what did the action.

Reciprocal Action

-point out the action being performed on the subjects.

frequently what they are doing something to or with each other.

Verbs like -ger/-girVerbs like -ger/-gir

-ger/-gir-ger/-gir– Change the “g” to an “j” in verbs that end in Change the “g” to an “j” in verbs that end in

ger/-gir ONLY in the Yo form ger/-gir ONLY in the Yo form

Coger----> CojoCoger----> Cojo

Dirigir ----> DirijoDirigir ----> Dirijo

Exigir----> ExijoExigir----> Exijo

Verbs like -cer/-cirVerbs like -cer/-cir

Verbs that end in a vowel Verbs that end in a vowel – + cer/cir add “z” before the “c” ONLY in the + cer/cir add “z” before the “c” ONLY in the

“Yo” form“Yo” form

Verbs that end in a consanantVerbs that end in a consanant– + cer/cir change the “c” to a “z” ONLY in the + cer/cir change the “c” to a “z” ONLY in the

“yo” form“yo” form

Convencer---> ConvenzoConvencer---> Convenzo

Verbs like –uir/-guirVerbs like –uir/-guir

-Guir verbs change from “gu” to “g” ONLY in the -Guir verbs change from “gu” to “g” ONLY in the “yo” form“yo” form

Verbs that have endings in –uir, add “y” before Verbs that have endings in –uir, add “y” before “a”, “e”, and “o” endings“a”, “e”, and “o” endings

AtribuirAtribuir

Atribuyo AtribuimosAtribuyo Atribuimos

Atribuyes AtribuisAtribuyes Atribuis

Atribuye AtribuyenAtribuye Atribuyen

Hace + Time + Que + Present Hace + Time + Que + Present tense of the Verbtense of the Verb

This is used to tell how long an action was This is used to tell how long an action was happening or the length of time an action happening or the length of time an action took placetook place

EXAMPLE: Hace + dos dias + que + corroEXAMPLE: Hace + dos dias + que + corro

ImperfectImperfect

Imperfect is a form of past tenseImperfect is a form of past tense

Ar Er/IrAr Er/IrAba íaAba íaábamos íamosábamos íamosAbas íasAbas íasAba asAba asAban íaAban ía íanían

PreteritePreterite

The preterite form alows you to refer to The preterite form alows you to refer to specific past actions. specific past actions.

At a fixed point in timeAt a fixed point in time

A specific number of timesA specific number of times

During an elapsed amount of timeDuring an elapsed amount of time

GarGar

GuéGué

GasteGaste

ÓÓ

AmosAmos

AsteisAsteis

AronAron

Preterite- Car/Gar/ZarPreterite- Car/Gar/Zar

Car

Qué

Aste

ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Zar

Cé

Aste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

““Cucaracha” verbsCucaracha” verbs

Andar: anduv-Andar: anduv-Estar: estuv-Estar: estuv-Poder: Pud-Poder: Pud-Poner: Pus- -ePoner: Pus- -eQuerer: Quis- -isteQuerer: Quis- -isteSaber: sup- -oSaber: sup- -oTener: tuv- -imosTener: tuv- -imosVenir: Vin- -isteisVenir: Vin- -isteisConductir: conduj- -ieronConductir: conduj- -ieronProductir: produj-Productir: produj-Traducir: traduj-Traducir: traduj-Decir: dij-Decir: dij-Traer: tra-Traer: tra-

““Spock” verbsSpock” verbs

Ir/ser Dar/Ver HacerIr/ser Dar/Ver Hacer– Fui -d/vi -hiceFui -d/vi -hice– Fuiste -d/viste -hicisteFuiste -d/viste -hiciste– Fue -d/vio -hizoFue -d/vio -hizo– Fuimos -d/vimos -hicimosFuimos -d/vimos -hicimos– Fueron -d/vieron -hicieronFueron -d/vieron -hicieron

Snake and SnakeysSnake and Snakeys

Are in the past tense.Are in the past tense.

They are used when 3 vowels are in a They are used when 3 vowels are in a row. row.

Replace “I” with “Y”Replace “I” with “Y”

Trigger wordsTrigger words

Words that elude to the use of the preterite Words that elude to the use of the preterite tensetense

Ayer, Anocher, la semana pesada, cada Ayer, Anocher, la semana pesada, cada diadia

Ayer, Mi comida una hamburguesa.Ayer, Mi comida una hamburguesa.

ComparativesComparatives

Used to compare something to anotherUsed to compare something to another

Tan + adj/adv + como : Mas/menos Tan + adj/adv + como : Mas/menos +adj/adv/noun + que+adj/adv/noun + que

Tan:so *When using numbers, use de not queTan:so *When using numbers, use de not que

Tanto: so muchTanto: so much

Tantos/as: so manyTantos/as: so many

SuperlativesSuperlatives

El, Las, la, los + Noun + adj + deEl, Las, la, los + Noun + adj + de

EXAMPLE:Tu eres es mas alto en tus claseEXAMPLE:Tu eres es mas alto en tus clase

FutureFuture

Infinitive + Infinitive + – ÉÉ– ÁsÁs– ÁÁ– EmosEmos– ÁnÁn

Vivir, comer, hablar (all ar,er,ir verbs)Vivir, comer, hablar (all ar,er,ir verbs)– te amare’te amare’

Ir+A+infinitive Ir+A+infinitive (Immediate future)(Immediate future)****WILL********WILL****

Future IrregularsFuture Irregulars

Decir: dir- to sayDecir: dir- to say

Haber: habr- there to be; to haveHaber: habr- there to be; to have

Hacer: har- to make, doHacer: har- to make, do

Poder: podr- to be ablePoder: podr- to be able

Poner: pondr- to put, place, setPoner: pondr- to put, place, set

Querer: querr- to want, loveQuerer: querr- to want, love

Saber: sabr- to know(fact), know howSaber: sabr- to know(fact), know how

Salir: saldr- to leave, go outSalir: saldr- to leave, go out

Tener: tendr- to haveTener: tendr- to have

Valer: valdr- to be worthValer: valdr- to be worth

Venir: vendr- to comeVenir: vendr- to come

ConditionalConditional

To talk about what you should, could, To talk about what you should, could, or would do.or would do.

Used to make polite requests. Used to make polite requests.

Ex: Yo no me quejaría tanto. Yo me Ex: Yo no me quejaría tanto. Yo me llevaría bien con todos. llevaría bien con todos.

Irregular stem in future, same Irregular stem in future, same endings. endings. ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

Infinitive Future stem

Conditional

Decir diré diría

ParaPara

Destination: toward, in the directionofDestination: toward, in the directionof

Deadline/specific time in future: by, forDeadline/specific time in future: by, for

Purpose/goal + (infinative): in order toPurpose/goal + (infinative): in order to

Purpose + (noun): for, used forPurpose + (noun): for, used for

Recipient of something: forRecipient of something: for

Comparison withothers or an opinion: for, Comparison withothers or an opinion: for, consideringconsidering

In the employment of: forIn the employment of: for

PorPor

Motion/General location: round, through, Motion/General location: round, through, along, byalong, by

Duration of action: for, during, inDuration of action: for, during, in

Reason/motive for action: because of, on Reason/motive for action: because of, on account of, on behalf ofaccount of, on behalf of

Object of a search: for, in search ofObject of a search: for, in search of

Means by which something is done: by, by Means by which something is done: by, by way of, by means ofway of, by means of

Exchange/Substitution: in exchange forExchange/Substitution: in exchange for

Unit of measure: per, byUnit of measure: per, by

Para vs. PorPara vs. Por

Por and Para cannot be used Por and Para cannot be used interchangeably. interchangeably.

Parapose vs. ParaposeParapose vs. Parapose

Paraguay vs. PortugalParaguay vs. Portugal

Ex. El avión para Atlanta sale a las 8 en punto.Ex. Todos los días pasean por el parque.

Commands!Commands!

Take the YO form of verb in the Take the YO form of verb in the present tense and change ending. present tense and change ending. Example: Estudie mucho.Example: Estudie mucho.

Endings:Usted AR: -eUsted ER/IR: -aUstedes AR: -enUstedes ER/IR: -an

Present perfectPresent perfect

Haber + ar -> adoHaber + ar -> ado

Haber +er/ir -> idoHaber +er/ir -> ido– He/HabíaHe/Había– Has/HabíasHas/Habías– Ha/HabíaHa/Había– Hemos/HabíamosHemos/Habíamos– Han/HabíanHan/Habían

Present Perfect Irregulars Present Perfect Irregulars

Abrir Abierto

Cubrir Cubierto

Decir Dicho

Escribir Escrito

Hacer Hecho

Morir Muerto

Poner Puesto

Resolver Resuelto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

Ir Ido

AdverbsAdverbs

Slowy, quickly, readily, frequently Slowy, quickly, readily, frequently

(-ly -------(-ly ------- –mente) –mente)

If it ends with “o” change to “a” If it ends with “o” change to “a” (accent stays if there is one)(accent stays if there is one)

Ex. Rápido- rápidamenteEx. Rápido- rápidamente

Se ImpersonalSe Impersonal

Use “se”Use “se” to avoid to avoid specifyimg a person specifyimg a person who is doing action of who is doing action of the verb. the verb. – Se vende fruta en la Se vende fruta en la

frutería.frutería.

When using “se”, the When using “se”, the verb is alwayss in verb is alwayss in third person.third person.– Aquí se habla español.Aquí se habla español.

..

““se” can be used in se” can be used in all tenses.all tenses.– Se hizo mucho.Se hizo mucho.– Se hará mucho.Se hará mucho.– Se había hecho. Se había hecho.

Double Object pronounsDouble Object pronouns

Díle(Díle(changeschanges to seto se)la or no se la )la or no se la digas.digas.

Give him the present(<- DOP) Give him the present(<- DOP)

Da le(se) lo…..DaseloDa le(se) lo…..Daselo

VERB + IOP + VERB + IOP + DOPDOP

SubjunctiveSubjunctive

Indicates mood (facts Indicates mood (facts or to express facts).or to express facts).Uses: will and Uses: will and influence, emotion, influence, emotion, doubt, disbelief, and doubt, disbelief, and denial, indefinitiness denial, indefinitiness and nonexistence.and nonexistence.

Singular Forms:Singular Forms:– Yo-hable, Tu-hables, Yo-hable, Tu-hables,

Ud/el/ella-hableUd/el/ella-hable

Plural Forms:Plural Forms:– Nos-hablemos, vos-Nos-hablemos, vos-

habléis, habléis, Uds/ellos/ellas-hablenUds/ellos/ellas-hablen

Main Clause, Main Clause, Subordinationg Subordinationg Clause (_+que+_)Clause (_+que+_)

Progressives With Progressives With Ir/Andar/Seguir Ir/Andar/Seguir

--AndoAndo

- Iendo- Iendo

-Yendo-Yendo

IR + Present Particple= is slowly but surely ____ing.IR + Present Particple= is slowly but surely ____ing.

ANDAR + Present Particple= is going around ____ing.ANDAR + Present Particple= is going around ____ing.

SEGUIR +Present Particple= is still ____ing. SEGUIR +Present Particple= is still ____ing.