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Modern Computer Systems Module I

2 evolution of computer systems

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MBA Amity Business School - IT for Managers

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  • 1. Modern Computer Systems Module I

2. EvolutionofComputers 3. The Early Years The first counting device was the abacus, originallyfrom Asia. It worked on a place-value notionmeaning that the place of a bead or rock on theapparatus determined how much it was worth.Roman Abacus Russian Abacus 4. Napier's bones (1600s) Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device createdby John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotientsof numbers. 5. Pascaline (1642) Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator called Pascaline. Thiscalculating machine could add and subtract two numbers directly andmultiply and divide by repetition.Pascaline signed by Pascal 6. Difference Engine (1812) Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", designed amachine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fullyautomatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. 7. Ada Lovelace (1840s) Ada Lovelace, world's first computer programmer,provided the first algorithm intended to be processed byCharles Babbage's early mechanical general-purposecomputer, the Analytical Engine. She suggested that a binary system should be used forstorage rather than a decimal system.Analytical Engine 8. Boolean logic(1850s) George Boole developed Boolean logic which wouldlater be used in the design of computer circuitry.Venn diagrams for conjunction, disjunction, and complement. 9. Holleriths Tabulator(1890s) Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-carddata-processing machine which was used to compile information for the1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he startedhis own business to market it. His company would eventually becomeInternational Business Machines (IBM).Hollerith card puncher used bythe United States Census Bureau 10. Vacuum Tube(1906) The vacuum tube was invented by Americanphysicist Lee De Forest.Triode vacuum tube 11. Turing Machine(1943) British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device, theTuring machine which would be designed to perform logical operation andcould read and write.Model of Turing Machine 12. Harvard Mark I Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed alarge automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the HarvardMark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic operations, and hadspecial built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions. 13. ENIAC The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machinewas developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at theUniversity of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input,weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. 14. First Generation(1951-1959) 1951: Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer designedand sold commercially, specifically for business data-processingapplications. 1950s : Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I compiler. 1957 : The programming language FORTRAN (Formula Translator) wasdesigned by John Backus, an IBM engineer. 15. Integrated Circuit Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instrumentsmanufactured the first integrated circuit, or chip, which is acollection of tiny little transistors.First IC First transistor 16. Second Generation(1959-1965) 1960s : Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series ofmainframe (G) computers, the first general-purpose digitalcomputers to use integrated circuits. 1961: Dr. Hopper was instrumental in developing the COBOL(Common Business Oriented Language) programming language. 17. Cont 1963 : Ken Olsen, founder of DEC, produced the PDP-I, the firstminicomputer (G). 1965 : BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)programming language developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. JohnKemeny. 18. 1969 : The Internet is started. 1970 : Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004microprocessor (G) chip. 1971 : Intel released the first microprocessor, a specializedintegrated circuit which was able to process four bits of data at atime. It also included its own arithmetic logic unit. PASCAL, astructured programming language, was developed by NiklausWirth. 19. Fourth Generation(1971-Present) 1975 : Ed Roberts, the "father of the microcomputer" designed the firstmicrocomputer, the Altair 8800, which was produced by MicroInstrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). The same year, two younghackers, William Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised todeliver a BASIC compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was born. 20. Cont 1976 : Cray developed the Cray-I supercomputer (G). Apple Computer, Incwas founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak. 1977 : Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the first Apple IImicrocomputer. 21. Cont 1970 : 1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operatingsystem for its new IBM personal computer. Microsoft has achievedtremendous growth and success today due to the development of MS-DOS.Apple III was also released. 1981 : The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor. 22. Cont 1984 : Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, which incorporated aunique graphical interface, making it easy to use. The same year, IBMreleased the 286-AT. 1986 : Compaq released the DeskPro 386 computer, the first to use the80036 microprocessor. 23. Cont 1987 : IBM announced the OS/2 operating-system technology. 1988 : A nondestructive worm was introduced into the Internet networkbringing thousands of computers to a halt. 1989 : The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistormicroprocessor.Intel 486 24. Cont 1993s: The Energy Star program, endorsed by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA), encouraged manufacturers to build computerequipment that met power consumption guidelines. When guidelines aremet, equipment displays the Energy Star logo. The same year, Severalcompanies introduced computer systems using the Pentium microprocessorfrom Intel that contains 3.1 million transistors and is able to perform 112million instructions per second (MIPS). 25. Fifth Generation (Present andBeyond) Artificial Intelligence Fifth generationcomputing devices,based on artificialintelligence, are stillin development,though there aresome applications,such as voicerecognition, that arebeing used today. 26. Fifth Generation The use of parallel processing and superconductorsis helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation, molecular andnanotechnology will radically change the face ofcomputers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to developdevices that respond to natural language input andare capable of learning and self-organization. 27. Cloud Computing Cloud computing, or something being in the cloud, is anexpression used to describe a variety of different types ofcomputing concepts that involve a large number ofcomputers connected through a real-time communicationnetwork such as the Internet. Cloud providers claim that computing costs reduce. Device and location independence enable users to accesssystems using a web browser regardless of their location orwhat device they use. Virtualization technology allowssharing of servers and storagedevices and increased utilization. 28. Google glass