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Presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress Presenter: Zhoucen Feng Title: System of Rice Intensification in China Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand Date: October 31, 2014
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System of Rice Intensification in China:
Research Dynamic and Innovative Adaptations
Zhoucen Feng and Erika Styger
SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice)
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, USA
Presentation at the International Rice Congress (IRC), Bangkok, Thailand
October 31, 2014
Objectives
Review of SRI research in China
Little is known to the rest of the world due to
language barrier
What has been done?
Where has it been done?
Who has been doing it?
Research topics and findings
Adaptations
Research Method
CNKI (www.cnki.net)
China Knowledge Resource Integrated
Database
Academic literature database
Search with key word “水稻强化栽培” (“System
of Rice Intensification” in Chinese)
Read, categorize, and analyze articles found
A brief history of SRI in China
1999: First SRI trial at Nanjing Agricultural University
2001: Dr. Longping Yuan published a review paper on SRI
2002: First International SRI Conference in Sanya, Hainan
Collection of research publications by 2013
313 journal articles
13 dissertations
11 in conference proceedings
Large number of published SRI studies
in academic journals By 2013:
313 journal articles
244 research articles
219 on field experiments
25 reviews
576 worldwide in total
69 technical
recommendations
In 72 journals
Peak in 2005
Increasing ratio over time of
technical recommendations
to research work
2 7
24
38 44
38
27 20
13 11 6 6 8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Number of Journal Articles on SRI
Published in China
Research Articles
Technical Recommendation
Evolution of SRI Article Content
Phase 1: Research
Studying the yield effects and influencing factors when applying SRI methods
Studying physiological processes associated with SRI and their influence on yield
Phase 2: Application
Delivering technical recommendations for specific farming conditions
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Number of Journal Articles on
SRI in China
Research Articles
Technical Recommendation
Where has SRI been studied?
93 Experiment
sites in all 19 rice-
producing
provinces
Trials concentrate
in a few provinces
2 leading
provinces:
Zhejiang, Sichuan
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
4
6
7
9
10
11
11
14
44
89
Hubei
Yunan
Fujian
Ningxia
Xinjiang
Hainan
Henan
Jiangsu
Heilongjiang
Shanghai
Anhui
Jiangxi
Guangdong
Chongqing
Guangxi
Hunan
Guizhou
Sichuan
Zhejiang
No. SRI Experiments by Province
(2001-2013)
SRI Experiment Sites in China
Who has been studying SRI?
Institutions
Universities and research institutes
Department of Agriculture
Agricultural extension services
Seed companies
Inter-institutional collaborations
What are the research topics?
4 main topics
Planting density
Nutrient management
Seedling age
Variety testing
Others
Weed management, pest management, etc.
114
34
17
1
1 topic 2 topics 3 topics 4 topics
Number of Main Topics
Addressed per Experiment
Research topics and findings I
Planting Density
94 research articles
Planting pattern (triangular
or square grids), inter-plant
spacing (20~50cm), No.
seedlings/hill (1~3)
Lower density improves
photosynthesis and root
activity
Balancing individual plant
productivity with unit area
productivity
Soil nutrient
management
59 research articles
Types, combinations,
application rates and
timing of various chemical
fertilizer and organic
inputs
Focus on N management
Research topics and findings II
Variety testing for
SRI
55 articles: variety
comparison
26 articles: single
variety tests
Focus on hybrid varieties
Seedling age
44 research articles
8 ~ 36 days or 2~8 leaf
age
Younger is better
Fast establishment
Minor transplantation shock
More low-position tillers
Cold soil temperature can
be a challenge
Evaluation Parameters of Experiments
Yield and Yield Components
Plant physiology and morphology
Response to Disease, Pests, and
Lodging
Soil properties
Water usage
Economic cost and profits
Applications and Recommendations for SRI
115 articles on technical recommendations and
practical instructions (esp after 2010)
Suitable varieties, seedling age, planting density, soil
nutrient management, etc. for local climates and
cropping systems
Specified and precise instruction of almost every step in
rice production
Adaptations
Agricultural policy
SRI has been chosen as one of the “Major Agricultural
Technologies to Promote of the year” by the department
of agriculture in Zhejiang and Sichuan since 2010
Adaptation of SRI practices
Triangular SRI - 33 research articles
Designed for low light intensity condition in Sichuan
Province
Higher planting density than regular SRI
Double-Triangular SRI Triangular SRI Regular SRI
Vs.
plants/square: 9 12 4
Adaptation
Triangular SRI, compared to CK and/or SRI
Increase LAI, dry matter accumulation and
translocation rate, root exudation rate,
productive tillering
Increase panicle size, grain-filling ratio
Achieving balance between productivity per
plant and productivity per unit area
“Major Agricultural Technology to Promote” by
Sichuan Agriculture Department since 2009
Sites of Triangular SRI Experiments
Adaptations
No-till SRI
11 articles , various findings
Most see yield increase
Some combine with raised beds
Potential of soil conservation
Direct-seeding SRI
High yield
Potential of saving labor
Using mulch in SRI
Mulching with rice hull or plastic for weed control
SRI rice-duck system
Conclusions
SRI research in China
Long time, large number, various participants
Wide range, Sichuan and Zhejiang as leading
provinces
Major focus: planting density, soil fertility, seedling
age, variety testing
Depth in physiology and morphology
Many research results have been mainstreamed
into technical recommendations for rice production
Generated various adaptations of SRI practices to
local conditions, e.g. Triangular SRI