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The paper was presented at a symposium in AAAS annual meeting entitled as DESGIN THINKING TO MOBILIZE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION FOR SOCIAL CHALLENGES Organized by JST-RISTEX (Japan) Sunday, February 20, 2011 Time: 8:30 AM to 11:30 AM Walter E. Washington Convention Center, 159AB AGENDA The aim of this symposium is to highlight the innovative approaches towards address social challenges. There has been growing interest in promoting “social innovation” to imbed innovation in the wider economy by fostering opportunities for new actors, such as non-profit foundations, to steer research and collaborate with firms and entrepreneurs and to tackle social challenges. User and consumers are also relevant as they play an important role in demanding innovation for social goals but also as actors and suppliers of solutions. Although the innovation process is now much more open and receptive to social influences, progress on social innovation will call for the greater involvement of stakeholders who can mobilize science, technology and innovation to address social challenges. Thus, the session requires to be approached from holistic and multidisciplinary mind and needs to cover the issue from different aspects by seven international speakers. 8:30-8:35 Welcome and Opening Dr. Yuko Harayama, Deputy Director of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) (moderator) 8:35-9:20 Session 1: Putting ‘design thinking’ into practice Dr. Karabi Acharya, ScD Change Leader, Ashoka, USA Systemic Change to Achieve Environmental Impact and Sustainability Mr. Tateo Arimoto, Director-General, JST-RISTEX (Co-organiser and Host). Japan Design thinking to induce new paradigm for issue-driven approach Discussant Dr. Hans-Liudger Dienel, Director, The Centre for Technology and Society; CEO, Nexus Institute for Cooperation Management and Interdisciplinary Research, Germany. Discussion 9:20-10:20 Session 2: How to assess and measure social value of S&T? Dr. Julia Lane Program Director National Science Foundation , USA and Dr. Stefano Bertuzzi Office of Science Policy Analysis, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health Science of Science Assessment Mr. Robby Berloznik, Director, Institute Society and Technology, Flemish Parliament, Belgium Governance in Science and Technology: citizen participation and social innovation Discussant Dr. Hans-Liudger Dienel Discussion 10:20-11:05 Session 3: Community-led innovation to address social challenges Ms. Laura Bunt, Policy Advisory, The National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts.(NESTA), UK Mass Localism: a way to help small communities solve big social challenges Prof. Masayuki Horio, Prof Em, Tokyo U of Agric & Technol, Prof, Policy Sci, Ryukoku U Socio-technical Routes Needed to Save Society from Energy and Environmental crises Discussion
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Socio-technical Routes Necessary for Saving the Society
from Energy/Environment Crises
Masayuki HorioJST-RISTEX R&D Area DirectorProfessor, Ryukoku University
Professor, Em., Tokyo Univ. A & T
Energy Consumption CO2 EmissionsIf CO2 emissions is half of
Y1990 and the standard of
consumption and emission is
based on Japanese per Capita
Equivalent for Y2000
Oil Equivalent Energy Consumption [MtOe]
Carbon Equivalent Emissions [Mt(C)]
Countries
Achievement Year
Japanese
per Capita
Equivalent
„Oil
Equivalent
Energry
Consumption
‟, Y2000
Achievement Year
Japanese
per Capita
Equivalent
„Carbon
Equivalent
Emissions‟,
Y2000
Oil Equivalent Energy
Consumption
CO2
Emissions
Reduction for Y2000
1990 2000 1990 2000 [MtOe] [Mt(C)] [%]
Japan 437 524 524 290 325 325 97 60 82USA 1928 2304 1166 1339 1577 723 215 134 92
Canada 209 251 127 117 143 79 23 15 90UK 212 231 242 161 155 150 45 28 82
Germany 356 343 339 266 231 210 63 39 83France 227 257 243 103 102 151 45 28 73
Italy 153 172 238 111 120 148 44 27 77OECD Total 4517 5316 4661 3073 3463 2891 861 534 85
China 670 928 5179 666 881 3212 957 594 33 India 199 339 4448 155 268 2546 835 478 -78
Indonesia 56 102 951 41 73 544 179 102 -40 Brazil 145 216 778 59 92 445 146 84 10
Russia & NISs 1537 1028 1278 1024 632 732 240 137 78 Kenya 3 4 135 2 2 77 25 15 -522
Africa total 239 303 3544 194 238 2028 665 381 -60 World Total 7797 9042 24896 5707 6407 15441 4601 2853 55
To Make the World GHG Emission 50% from 1990 value w/ equal rights and w/ Japanese technical standard
Developed Countries ought to reduce by ~80%
【Electricity】Introducing
Renewables
(preferentially
replacing coal
first)
【Livelihood】Promoting
Energy saving
woody building 3
GHG Minus 80% is not Impossible
【Transportation】Changing All to EV
Japan’s case
Climate Skepticism & Denial in US
Belief/Nostalgia as the Hydrocarbon Frontier
Huge Changes & potential Losses in Businesses
Risk Communication & Enlightenment Insufficient?
Slow & Inefficient Actions in Japan has to change.
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) just recently
published a Report with Admonition to Biomass Projects over the last 8 yrs.
For 112 Projects having some quantitative data;
GHGs balance: 440kt/y increase! (reduction 260, emission 700kt/y)
Design Approaches forSocial Innovation
Local Government: Design Thinking needed Green Reconstruction of the Local Techno-social system
Project Planners: Design Thinking needed to Integrate Issues for Comprehensive Solution
Distributor & Consumer Activists: Design Thinking needed to Make Supply Chain Green
Engineers & Scientists: Designing Institutional Systems in Technical Innovation
Academia, Consultants, Local Government & NPO:From Analytical & Enlightenment Approach to Collaborative Design Approach
Design Thinking also needed for Socio-technical System Renovation
Technical innovation premised on lavish oil
consumption
Lavish oil consumption based
Technical systems
Lavish oil consumption based
Institutional systems
Lavish oil consumption based
Socio-technical systems
Society Causing Global warming
Technical Innovation for appropriate & sustainable
technology
Technical systems with sustainable energy sources
Social system inspection, reform & detour
development
Socio-technical systemsagainst global warming
Society overcoming Global warming
Academic Research
Academia
Investigation
Research Paper
Regional People: Object of Study
Local Development
Sectional, Unchallenging, Haughty
Previous Approaches:Analysis, Top-down Planning &
Enlightenment – my misunderstanding
Admini-stration
Plans
Advisory Panels
Academia
Consultants
Explaining to Residents
NPOs
NPO‟sTerritory
Entering
NPO Activity
8
Regional People: Object of Persuation
Regional People:
Supporter
Enlightenment
Regional Field ofWork & Life
Regional Field ofWork & Life
Regional Field ofWork & Life
Future Image and Survival Strategies
of Regional People
Policies for the future
9
Collaborating, Challenging, Sharing
AcademiaGovernment
Regional Field ofWork & Life
For 80% Reduction Design Thinking from the very Field of Regional Work
& Life is needed
NPO
Fossil-based Modernization:Local People remained in
Passive Attitude
Layer of norm
Layer of localcommunity
Layer of techno-social
system
Green Reconstruction of the Modern:
Active Design Thinking needed
Layer of norm
Layer of Integrated Governin
Community
Layer of techno-social
system
Energy/Environment CrisesNeed Measures
able to Bind up Multiple Issues
Mass-Energy Scenario
for GHG reduction
○○t/yr
Social coefficient (0~1)Social system reform plan, human resource raising, acceleration of
realization rate
×
＝Real reduction
potential △△ t/yr
How to Quantify & Design Social Issues relevant of GHG Reduction
Scenario
Social and temporal scenario
•System inspection•Policy development•Consensus development•Human resource and governance development
Technical scenario development not
accommodating the present social system
Conducting Social ExperimentsNew Approach is also needed
Social Experiment of the 1st Kind:Social Experiments conducted by a Definite Steering and Observing Group to Examine
Collective Effect of Introducing New Technical Parts or Institutional Rules
Social Experiment of the 2nd Kind:Social Experiments conducted by Community based Steering and Observing Group for Their
own Empowerment; Conductor=Object=Observer
1. What are we developing at JST-RISTEX?
2. Why Socio-technical and Inter-sectoral Collaboration
Scenario Development is needed?
Additional Contents
1. What are we developing at JST-RISTEX
Outline of Our R&D Program
Applicants are requested to1) organize collaborations among social/humanity and natural/engineering sciences,
2) organize collaborations among academia, local government, citizens and other stakeholders3) submit a unique proposal with sociotechnicalscenario,4) submit a quantitative estimation of GHG reduction effect of the proposal
Period: 2008-2013Categories:
I: Fundamental R&D <<¥10M/y
II: w/ Social Experiments <¥30M/y
The program tackles the issues of:,,,
1. Trans-sectoral cooperation-both in government and academia
2. Equal partnership among local people, government, industry and academia
3. Appropriate technical challenges harmonized with social actions
4. Practical and profitable approaches
Rather than qualitative, ethical and enlightening approaches
5. Trans-sectoral & regional target settings
19＝From 2008 ＝From 2009
Projects distributed nationwide
＝From 2010
１
17
16
14
15
12
Sustainable Intermediate/Mountainous
Region Development via Eco-Mobility
Greening Model
Development for Existing
Urban Area
Local full participation System
Development for Promoting I/U-Turn
Settlements and Local Business Creation B Stule: Local Resource based
Sustainable Settlement Development
Education and Utilization of Local Public Human
Resources for Local Renewable Energy System
Development
De-‟global warming‟ through inducing
voluntary actions in Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
＝Coworkers
location
To establish Regional Community System
that Exits from Inducing Global Warming
through Introducing Micro Hydro power
Development of Techniques and Theories
for the Integrated Restoration and
Revitalization of Local Commons
“Sato-model” in Mountainous Region
to tackle with Global Warming
Construction of the Town of Kiryu for
the Future with Anti-Global-Warming
through the Regional Power
Feasibility Study of the Eco-service
Business Model using Eco-point system
Creating a Low-Carbon Production, Retail
& Shopping System for Nagoya
Development of the Method of Evidence-
based Analysis for Regional Sustain-
ability in Economy and Environment
8
４
5
3
Proposing a Scenario and Road Map
to realize a Nature Friendly Society
Model for the Sustainable Shiga
13
6
2
7
Forest and City Lincage for Sustainable
utilization of Wood and Biomass
Unified Commercialization Policy for Utilizing
Local Renewables and Local Finances through
Inter-Regional Cooperation
10
11
Mass-Energy Scenario
for GHG reduction
○○t/yr
Social coefficient (0~1)Social system reform plan, human resource raising, acceleration of
realization rate
×
＝Real reduction
potential △△ t/yr
Developing Methodologies to make GHG Reduction Scenario affordable
Social and temporal scenario
•System inspection•Policy development•Consensus development•Human resource and governance development
Technical scenario development not
accommodating the present social system
New role of Engineering Faculty in Local City, Kiryu
Eco Life Design Assoc.
School of Social Informatics
Graduate School of Engineering
City of Kiryu
Gunma Pref. Forest Res.
School of EngineeringGunma Univ.
Ｃｉｔｙ Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ
三洋電機㈱富士重工㈱太陽誘電㈱桐生ガス㈱㈱ミツバ㈱小倉クラッチ山田製作所㈱
Framework Agreement JR東日本㈱
東武鉄道㈱上毛電鉄㈱わたらせ渓谷鐵道㈱
Public Transportation
Companies
桐生の清流と森林を守る会きりゅう市民活動推進ネットワーク2015年の公共交通をつくる会わたらせ渓谷鉄道市民協議会ファッションタウン桐生推進協議会チームエコ桐生再演桐生再生グリーンクリーンきりゅう桐生手づくり緑化フェア本町１・２丁目の会
NPOs
桐生商工会議所商店連盟協同組合生活協同組合桐生青年会議所造園業組合
Commerce & Ind. Assoc.
Next Gen. Eco-Energy Soc.
Eng. Sci. Club
JSTproject
まちの中に大学があり，大学の中にまちがある協議会
Northern Kanto Industry-
Academia cooperation Soc
Local Elementary and Jr High Schools(160000 Pupils)
News Paper, FM Stn.
Next Gen. EV Research Soc.
Education Borad
Local Media
Private Companies
Their Original EV Development is now leading JST’s Low Speed EV
Community Bus Development
Their original in-wheel motor will be
used for 8 wheel community bus
Cultural Biomass Utilization
City Exploration by Citizens & Students
・Topos for Mutual Learning
・Emerging Management・Communication
Connecting Manufacturer & Consumer
・New Relationship for Consumers and Distributors
・New Commodity Development
25
Consumer Manufacturer
Distributor
・changing Lyfestyle・Changing Purchasing
Behavior
Making Supply Chain Green by Drawing Consumers’ Active Role
26
New Life Recipe Development to Evolve into Consumers having New Value System
Low Carbon Commodity Development through Consumer-Distributor-Manufacturer Mutual
Learning
New Floor Management for Super Markets developing with Customers
Social Experiments
＜eco!on商品の紹介＞ ＜エコ野菜の紹介＞
Shopping Revolution! Back yard tour for Researchers’ Club
＜eco!on商品の紹介＞
＜ワークショップ風景＞ ＜発表風景＞
Shopping Revolution! Workshop in Nagoya
Academic
proof!
Academic
proof!
29
Logsat lumbermill
Forest Lumber waitingfor drying
Law temperaturedryer（45℃）
Carrying-in to
building sites
Young/skilled
worker
BuilderWoody “Eco”-houses
Training
Lu
mb
eri
ng
Forest management
Pa
inti
ng
Pre
cu
ttin
g
& p
an
el
pro
du
cti
on
Wo
od
en
fitt
ing
s,
Fu
rnit
ure
,
etc
. Academic
proof!
Scientific proof and certification system design for financial and institutional supports
Forest-to-TownDirect-linkage creation PJ
for direct cash flow back to mountainside
Forest-to-Town Project
Welcome to the Country ProjectYasaka Village in Hamada-city, 1600 to 5000 Project
Promotion of Independent Thinking
Invigoration of Community
Activity
Cooperative Study on the Community & Resources
Organization of Community Business
Community Charter Formulation
Settlement Promotion, Passing on Traditions and Reconciliation
Organizing Support from Local Authorities
Development of Community
Delights
2. Why Socio-technical and Inter-sectoral Collaboration
Scenario Development is needed?
Points of focus should be large city areas
Electricity demand by prefecture
TokyoOsaka
Kanagawa
Aichi
Kyoto
Demand vs. Supply MismatchElectricity Demand and Wind Power Potential
Hokkaido Tohoku Tokyo Hokuriku Chubu Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa
fore
ign
pa
ym
en
tAdding Back to the Country Pjto Green Electricity Purchase
Regional Cooperation
for Renewables
Countryside City
Demand DemandSupply Supply
Own
Resource
PV
Solar Heat
Wood waste
Waste Oil
Green Electricity
Rich in Renewables Giga-demand
Money
PV
μ-H
yd
ro
Wind
Pre-
sent
Forest bio.
再エネ
Pop
red
ucti
on
and
bac
k
Ho
me
Future2050
Ren
Energy
Saving
Saving
Back Home
2050
Renewables
Back to
the
Country
Present foreign payment
Overcrowded Urban Lifestyle should be improved.
Transmission Line Capacity Limit
Issues associated withGreen Electricity Purchase by
Mega-cities
National Land Planning and Utilization of Local Potential necessary
Real reduction
t-CO2/yr
Effect of population transfer
＋
Urban-countryside population exchange should also be formulated
in terms of its GHG reduction effect
CO2 adsorption activity
including forest
management and
nature restoration
Countryside
population
increase
Urban-
countryside
difference in per
capita GHG
emission
On site reduction effort＋
＝ ×
37
How effective is the ‘Back to the Country’ in Japan?
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
1940
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
u
%
Primary Industry Secondary Tertiary
Primary Sectors
i.e. Countryside
Tertiary Sectors
(Service Industry)
Secondary Sectors
(Manufacturing Industry)
Depopulation serious in Countryside
Japan 1940-90
%
39
Much Improvements in Transportation & Communication Systems
Cities and Villages are rather close
Departure from previous policies: 1. defensive counteraction against de-population
2. ‘New Industrial City’ program, a simple industrialization model
‘Back to the Country’ Background in Japan
Japan’s high micro-hydro potential comes from its high precipitation and steep and short rivers.
Well developed Farm Irrigation & the steep Mountain-to-Coast Water Flow
Sado・Iwakubi district 2010
sea horizon
42
堀尾正靱
Simple Evaluation: ‘Back to the Country’
by Horio & Hidaka (2011)
Renewable Energy Recharge Storage Evaluation
Per Capita Energy Demand after Greening
Population Holding
Capacity of Countryside
2050
=
Effect of Urban Population Red-
uction: Reduction of fossil fuel fired
power generation(0.083kg-CO2/MJ)
GHGReduction
Potential of „Back to the
Country‟
=
Full Renewables‟ Utilization at Countryside
(also by newcomers)
43堀尾正靱
Population and Renewable’s Potential by Horio & Hidaka (2011)
HouseholdsHouseholds
number population
Urban region 80.5％ 39,495,337 100,603,432
Flat Farming region 8.6％ 4,219,378 10,747,696
Intermediate Farming region 7.9％ 3,875,940 9,872,883
Mountainous farming region 3.0％ 1,471,876 3,749,196
Total 100.0％ 49,062,530 124,973,207
Households and population in different regions (2005)
Recharge Storage of Renewables
Undeveloped Renewables
Heat Electricity
（ＧＪ/yr） （kWh/yr） （ＧＪ/yr）
Wood biomass 121,317,806 6,037,715,712 21,735,777
Hydro － 44,779,636,000 161,206,690
Geotherm － 19,030,000,000 68,508,000
Wind (on shore) － 12,264,000,000 44,150,400
Total（t-CO2/yr）
Present GHG emission
239,661,815Urban Region Flat Farming RegionIntermediate &
Mountainous Farming Region (‘Country’)
192,927,760 20,610,916 26,123,139
CO2 Emission Reduction by Countryside Greening and Back to the 'Country' Action
101,403,139Present ‘Country’ Greening
Urban CO2 Reduction byback to the ‘Country’
26,123,139 75,280,000
％ CO2 Emission Reduction 42（％）
GHG Reduction Potentialby Horio & Hidaka (2011)
45
堀尾正靱
Busy Countryside Contributes GHG Reduction by Horio & Hidaka (2011)
Case
Population [Million]
Intermediate & Mountainous Farming
Region (Country)
Urban ＆ Flat Farming Regions
Present 12 108
BAU 2050 9 81
Case Back to the `Country’2050
24 66
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