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a brief description on immunity
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IMMUNOLOGYIMMUNOLOGYAruni Puthuppally
Asst ProfessorNoorul Islam Dental College
Trivandrum
ImmunologyImmunology
The group of cells, tissues and molecules that are The group of cells, tissues and molecules that are
associated with the resistance to microbial associated with the resistance to microbial
invasion is called invasion is called immune systemimmune system..
The coordinated reaction of immune system The coordinated reaction of immune system
towards the microbes is known as towards the microbes is known as immune immune
responseresponse..
The immune system is made up mainly of The immune system is made up mainly of
lymphoid organslymphoid organs and and reticuloendothelial cells.reticuloendothelial cells.
The RE cells consisting of The RE cells consisting of lymphocyteslymphocytes and and
plasma cellsplasma cells are the key mediators of the immune are the key mediators of the immune
response.response.
MALT
The Organs of the Immune SystemThe Organs of the Immune System
The Cells of the Immune SystemThe Cells of the Immune System
Lymphocytes originated from thymus are known Lymphocytes originated from thymus are known
as T-lymphocytes and are responsible for as T-lymphocytes and are responsible for Cell Cell
Mediated Immunity (CMI).Mediated Immunity (CMI).
Lymphocytes originated from bone marrow are Lymphocytes originated from bone marrow are
known as B-lymphocytes and are responsible for known as B-lymphocytes and are responsible for
Antibody Mediated or Humoral Immunity (AMI).Antibody Mediated or Humoral Immunity (AMI).
AMIAMI
CMICMI
Antibody Mediated ImmunityAntibody Mediated Immunity
Antibody mediated immunity (AMI) provides primary Antibody mediated immunity (AMI) provides primary defense against most extracellular bacterial pathogens and defense against most extracellular bacterial pathogens and their toxins.their toxins.
Abs are present in blood, lymph and mucus secretions.Abs are present in blood, lymph and mucus secretions.
B cells are responsible for the production of Abs.B cells are responsible for the production of Abs.
AMI helps in defense against viruses that infect through the AMI helps in defense against viruses that infect through the RT and GIT.RT and GIT.
It participate in the pathogenesis of immediate type 1,2 and 3 It participate in the pathogenesis of immediate type 1,2 and 3 HS and certain autoimmune diseases.HS and certain autoimmune diseases.
Cell Mediated ImmunityCell Mediated Immunity
CMI protects against infection by fungi, viruses CMI protects against infection by fungi, viruses and facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens.and facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens.
CMI participate in the rejection of homograft and CMI participate in the rejection of homograft and GVH reaction.GVH reaction.
It provides immunological surveillance and It provides immunological surveillance and immunity against cancer.immunity against cancer.
CMI mediates the pathogenesis of delayed type 4 CMI mediates the pathogenesis of delayed type 4 HS and certain autoimmune diseases.HS and certain autoimmune diseases.
ImmunityImmunityImmunityImmunity Host resistance against microorganisms & other substances.Host resistance against microorganisms & other substances. Host resistance against microorganisms & other substances.Host resistance against microorganisms & other substances.
Immune responseImmune response : Rx : Rxn n of the body against of the body against
foreign antigen.foreign antigen.
Immune responseImmune response : Rx : Rxn n of the body against of the body against
foreign antigen.foreign antigen.
ImmunityImmunity
InnateInnate AcquiredAcquired
Innate ImmunityInnate ImmunityInnate ImmunityInnate Immunity
Inborn resistance present Inborn resistance present
Genetic and constitutional make upGenetic and constitutional make up
Does not require prior exposureDoes not require prior exposure
Not modified significantly by repeated exposureNot modified significantly by repeated exposure
Inborn resistance present Inborn resistance present
Genetic and constitutional make upGenetic and constitutional make up
Does not require prior exposureDoes not require prior exposure
Not modified significantly by repeated exposureNot modified significantly by repeated exposure
Innate ImmunityInnate Immunity
IndividualIndividualSpeciesSpecies RacialRacial
Plant VirusPlant VirusPlant VirusPlant Virus
Physiological and Biochemical Physiological and Biochemical DifferencesDifferences
Physiological and Biochemical Physiological and Biochemical DifferencesDifferences
XX
Innate ImmunityInnate Immunity
IndividualIndividualSpeciesSpecies RacialRacial
XX
More More susceptible susceptible
for for TBTB
More More susceptible susceptible
for for TBTB
Algerian Algerian sheepsheep
Innate ImmunityInnate Immunity
IndividualIndividualSpeciesSpecies RacialRacial
Show similar sensitivity or resistanceShow similar sensitivity or resistanceShow similar sensitivity or resistanceShow similar sensitivity or resistance
Do not show such similarityDo not show such similarityDo not show such similarityDo not show such similarity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Two
Extremes
Factors influencing level of immunity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Components of Innate ImmunityComponents of Innate ImmunityComponents of Innate ImmunityComponents of Innate Immunity
Physical Physical barriersbarriersPhysical Physical barriersbarriers
Chemical Chemical barriersbarriers
Chemical Chemical barriersbarriers
Biological Biological barriersbarriers
Biological Biological barriersbarriers
Physical BarriersPhysical Barriers
11. Skin and Mucous Membranes. Skin and Mucous Membranes
Form a ‘wall’ between deep tissues and Form a ‘wall’ between deep tissues and pathogens.pathogens.
22. “Flushing” mechanisms. “Flushing” mechanisms
a.a. Salivary flow Salivary flow Prevents bacterial Prevents bacterial overgrowthovergrowth
b.b. Coughing & Sneezing Coughing & Sneezing Clears Clears respiratory tractrespiratory tract
c.c. Urination Urination Flushes the urinary Flushes the urinary tracttract
d.d. Lacrimation Lacrimation Cleanses eyesCleanses eyes
e.e. Ciliary action Ciliary action Expels bacteriaExpels bacteria
Physical BarriersPhysical Barriers
11. Skin and Mucous Membranes. Skin and Mucous Membranes
Form a ‘wall’ between deep tissues and Form a ‘wall’ between deep tissues and pathogens.pathogens.
22. “Flushing” mechanisms. “Flushing” mechanisms
a.a. Salivary flow Salivary flow Prevents bacterial Prevents bacterial overgrowthovergrowth
b.b. Coughing & Sneezing Coughing & Sneezing Clears Clears respiratory tractrespiratory tract
c.c. Urination Urination Flushes the urinary Flushes the urinary tracttract
d.d. Lacrimation Lacrimation Cleanses eyesCleanses eyes
e.e. Ciliary action Ciliary action Expels bacteriaExpels bacteria
Chemical BarriersChemical Barriers
1. pH of body fluids1. pH of body fluids Inhibits growth of Inhibits growth of
many pathogensmany pathogens
2. Lysozyme2. Lysozyme Breaks down cell walls of Breaks down cell walls of
bacteriabacteria
3. Interferon3. Interferon Inhibits viral replication Inhibits viral replication
Chemical BarriersChemical Barriers
1. pH of body fluids1. pH of body fluids Inhibits growth of Inhibits growth of
many pathogensmany pathogens
2. Lysozyme2. Lysozyme Breaks down cell walls of Breaks down cell walls of
bacteriabacteria
3. Interferon3. Interferon Inhibits viral replication Inhibits viral replication
Biological BarriersBiological Barriers
1. Natural resistance1. Natural resistance Species Species
resistance to microbesresistance to microbes
2. Normal flora2. Normal flora Competes with Competes with
invadersinvaders
3. Inflammation3. Inflammation Localizes & destroys Localizes & destroys
pathogenspathogens
4. Complement4. Complement Cell lysis and Cell lysis and
phagocytosisphagocytosis
5. Phagocytosis5. Phagocytosis Engulfment of Engulfment of
pathogenspathogens
Biological BarriersBiological Barriers
1. Natural resistance1. Natural resistance Species Species
resistance to microbesresistance to microbes
2. Normal flora2. Normal flora Competes with Competes with
invadersinvaders
3. Inflammation3. Inflammation Localizes & destroys Localizes & destroys
pathogenspathogens
4. Complement4. Complement Cell lysis and Cell lysis and
phagocytosisphagocytosis
5. Phagocytosis5. Phagocytosis Engulfment of Engulfment of
pathogenspathogens
Mechanisms of Innate Mechanisms of Innate ImmunityImmunity
Mechanisms of Innate Mechanisms of Innate ImmunityImmunity
A.A. Non immunological defensesNon immunological defenses
B.B. Immunological defensesImmunological defenses
A.A. Non immunological defensesNon immunological defenses
B.B. Immunological defensesImmunological defenses
AA
• Epithelial surfaceEpithelial surface
• Microbial antagonismMicrobial antagonism
BB
• Antibacterial agents in blood & tissuesAntibacterial agents in blood & tissues
• Cellular factorsCellular factors
• FeverFever
• Acute phase proteinsAcute phase proteins
• InflammationInflammation
Immunologic DefensesImmunologic DefensesImmunologic DefensesImmunologic Defenses
Antibody mediatedAntibody mediated - - IgM, IgG, IgAIgM, IgG, IgA
Cell mediatedCell mediated - T lymphocytes- T lymphocytes
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis - Neutrophils, Macrophages- Neutrophils, Macrophages
ComplementComplement - Lysis & enhances - Lysis & enhances
phagocytosisphagocytosis
Antibody mediatedAntibody mediated - - IgM, IgG, IgAIgM, IgG, IgA
Cell mediatedCell mediated - T lymphocytes- T lymphocytes
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis - Neutrophils, Macrophages- Neutrophils, Macrophages
ComplementComplement - Lysis & enhances - Lysis & enhances
phagocytosisphagocytosis
Acute Phase ProteinsAcute Phase ProteinsAcute Phase ProteinsAcute Phase Proteins
Activate alternate pathway of Activate alternate pathway of
complementcomplement
•C reactive proteinC reactive protein
•Mannose binding proteinMannose binding protein
•Alpha – 1- acid glycoproteinAlpha – 1- acid glycoprotein
•Amyloid PAmyloid P
Activate alternate pathway of Activate alternate pathway of
complementcomplement
•C reactive proteinC reactive protein
•Mannose binding proteinMannose binding protein
•Alpha – 1- acid glycoproteinAlpha – 1- acid glycoprotein
•Amyloid PAmyloid P
FeverFever
A rise in temperature following infection A rise in temperature following infection
is a natural defense mechanism.is a natural defense mechanism.
Pathogens like Pathogens like Treponema pallidumTreponema pallidum will will
be destructed at high temperature.be destructed at high temperature.
It stimulate the production of interferon It stimulate the production of interferon
and aids recovery from viral infections.and aids recovery from viral infections.
OpsonizationOpsonization – a process that facilitates – a process that facilitates
phagocytosis by coating antigens with phagocytosis by coating antigens with
opsonin (Eg. antibody and C3b)opsonin (Eg. antibody and C3b)
OpsonizationOpsonization – a process that facilitates – a process that facilitates
phagocytosis by coating antigens with phagocytosis by coating antigens with
opsonin (Eg. antibody and C3b)opsonin (Eg. antibody and C3b)
InflammationInflammationInflammationInflammation
Immunological response to tissue injury.Immunological response to tissue injury.
Non-specific defense mechanism.Non-specific defense mechanism.
Vascular changes & recruitment of neutrophils & Vascular changes & recruitment of neutrophils &
macrophages.macrophages.
Immunological response to tissue injury.Immunological response to tissue injury.
Non-specific defense mechanism.Non-specific defense mechanism.
Vascular changes & recruitment of neutrophils & Vascular changes & recruitment of neutrophils &
macrophages.macrophages.
Classic features of InflammationClassic features of Inflammation
1. Calor (Heat)
2. Dolor (Pain)
3. Rubor (Redness)
4. Tumor (Swelling)
Classic features of InflammationClassic features of Inflammation
1. Calor (Heat)
2. Dolor (Pain)
3. Rubor (Redness)
4. Tumor (Swelling)
Cells & Proteins in Inflammatory Reactions Cells & Proteins in Inflammatory Reactions
Cells Cells
•PhagocytesPhagocytes
•Monocyte-Monocyte-
Macrophage Macrophage
•Natural killer cellNatural killer cell
Cells Cells
•PhagocytesPhagocytes
•Monocyte-Monocyte-
Macrophage Macrophage
•Natural killer cellNatural killer cell
Specific proteinsSpecific proteins
•CRPCRP
•Mannose binding Mannose binding
proteinprotein
•Amyloid proteinAmyloid protein
•Prostaglandins Prostaglandins
Specific proteinsSpecific proteins
•CRPCRP
•Mannose binding Mannose binding
proteinprotein
•Amyloid proteinAmyloid protein
•Prostaglandins Prostaglandins
Cytokines:Cytokines:
Biologically active proteins that are released Biologically active proteins that are released
during inflammationduring inflammation
During inflammation, they:During inflammation, they:
1) Affect the local microcirculation by 1) Affect the local microcirculation by
causing vasodilation causing vasodilation and increased and increased
vascular permeability vascular permeability
2) Attract immune system cells to the site 2) Attract immune system cells to the site
and activate cells and activate cells involved in tissue repair. involved in tissue repair.
Cytokines:Cytokines:
Biologically active proteins that are released Biologically active proteins that are released
during inflammationduring inflammation
During inflammation, they:During inflammation, they:
1) Affect the local microcirculation by 1) Affect the local microcirculation by
causing vasodilation causing vasodilation and increased and increased
vascular permeability vascular permeability
2) Attract immune system cells to the site 2) Attract immune system cells to the site
and activate cells and activate cells involved in tissue repair. involved in tissue repair.
Diapedesis – movement of blood cells between endothelial cells
lining blood vessels
Chemotaxis – migration of cells in response to concentration gradients
of certain factors
Chemotaxis – migration of cells in response to concentration gradients
of certain factors
Neutrophil Extravasation In Inflammation
Blood flow
Innate Immunity
ImmunityImmunity
InnateInnate AcquiredAcquired
Acquired ImmunityAcquired ImmunityAcquired ImmunityAcquired Immunity
The resistance that an individual acquires during life.The resistance that an individual acquires during life.
es dramatically with subsequent exposure to the es dramatically with subsequent exposure to the
same Ag.same Ag.
Immune response primarily refers to acquired Immune response primarily refers to acquired
immunity.immunity.
The resistance that an individual acquires during life.The resistance that an individual acquires during life.
es dramatically with subsequent exposure to the es dramatically with subsequent exposure to the
same Ag.same Ag.
Immune response primarily refers to acquired Immune response primarily refers to acquired
immunity.immunity.
Lymphocytes (B,T)Lymphocytes (B,T)Lymphocytes (B,T)Lymphocytes (B,T)Phagocytes, Phagocytes, NK cellsNK cells
Phagocytes, Phagocytes, NK cellsNK cells
CellsCellsCellsCells
YesYesYesYesNo No No No Immunological Immunological memorymemory
Immunological Immunological memorymemory
YesYesYesYes NoNo NoNoImproved Improved response response
upon re - exposureupon re - exposure
Improved Improved response response
upon re - exposureupon re - exposure
SpecificSpecificSpecificSpecificGeneralGeneralGeneralGeneralSpecificitySpecificitySpecificitySpecificity
““Second”Second”““Second”Second”““First”First”““First”First”““Line of defense”Line of defense”““Line of defense”Line of defense”
AcquiredAcquired ImmunityImmunityAcquiredAcquired ImmunityImmunity
Innate Innate ImmunityImmunity
Innate Innate ImmunityImmunity
Comparison
Comparison
Comparison
Comparison
AcquiredAcquiredImmunityImmunity
NaturalNatural ArtificialArtificial NaturalNatural ArtificialArtificial
ActiveActive PassivePassive
ActiveActive – Resistance developed as a result of antigenic stimulus – Resistance developed as a result of antigenic stimulus
Passive Passive – Resistance that is transmitted in a readymade form – Resistance that is transmitted in a readymade form
ActiveActive – Resistance developed as a result of antigenic stimulus – Resistance developed as a result of antigenic stimulus
Passive Passive – Resistance that is transmitted in a readymade form – Resistance that is transmitted in a readymade form
Types of Acquired immunityTypes of Acquired immunityTypes of Acquired immunityTypes of Acquired immunity
Induction of immunity by infection or with a Induction of immunity by infection or with a
vaccine is called vaccine is called Active Immunity.Active Immunity. NaturalNatural : By a clinical or inapparent : By a clinical or inapparent
infection.infection. ArtificialArtificial : By vaccines. : By vaccines.
Induction of immunity by infection or with a Induction of immunity by infection or with a
vaccine is called vaccine is called Active Immunity.Active Immunity. NaturalNatural : By a clinical or inapparent : By a clinical or inapparent
infection.infection. ArtificialArtificial : By vaccines. : By vaccines.
Active ImmunityActive ImmunityActive ImmunityActive Immunity
The resistance that is transmitted to a recipient in The resistance that is transmitted to a recipient in a readymade form.a readymade form.
Here the recipient’s immune system plays no Here the recipient’s immune system plays no active role.active role.
There is no latent period, but immunity is There is no latent period, but immunity is transient.transient.
Non-immune individual can be made immune by Non-immune individual can be made immune by transferring serum or lymphocytes from an transferring serum or lymphocytes from an immune individual.immune individual.
Serum constituents (antibodies) and lymphocytes Serum constituents (antibodies) and lymphocytes are involved in immunity.are involved in immunity.
The resistance that is transmitted to a recipient in The resistance that is transmitted to a recipient in a readymade form.a readymade form.
Here the recipient’s immune system plays no Here the recipient’s immune system plays no active role.active role.
There is no latent period, but immunity is There is no latent period, but immunity is transient.transient.
Non-immune individual can be made immune by Non-immune individual can be made immune by transferring serum or lymphocytes from an transferring serum or lymphocytes from an immune individual.immune individual.
Serum constituents (antibodies) and lymphocytes Serum constituents (antibodies) and lymphocytes are involved in immunity.are involved in immunity.
Passive ImmunityPassive ImmunityPassive ImmunityPassive Immunity
Passive ImmunityPassive ImmunityPassive ImmunityPassive Immunity
Natural Natural : Mother to fetus.: Mother to fetus.
Artificial Artificial : Administration of antibodies. Ex: ATS, TIG: Administration of antibodies. Ex: ATS, TIG
Uses of passive immunityUses of passive immunity : :
•Temporary protection of non-immunised patientsTemporary protection of non-immunised patients
•For treatment of particular infectionFor treatment of particular infection
•For suppression of active immunity, Eg: RhIgFor suppression of active immunity, Eg: RhIg
Natural Natural : Mother to fetus.: Mother to fetus.
Artificial Artificial : Administration of antibodies. Ex: ATS, TIG: Administration of antibodies. Ex: ATS, TIG
Uses of passive immunityUses of passive immunity : :
•Temporary protection of non-immunised patientsTemporary protection of non-immunised patients
•For treatment of particular infectionFor treatment of particular infection
•For suppression of active immunity, Eg: RhIgFor suppression of active immunity, Eg: RhIg
Comparison of active & Passive Comparison of active & Passive immunityimmunity
Comparison of active & Passive Comparison of active & Passive immunityimmunity
Applicable in immunodeficientApplicable in immunodeficientApplicable in immunodeficientApplicable in immunodeficientNot applicable in the Not applicable in the immunodeficient immunodeficient
Not applicable in the Not applicable in the immunodeficient immunodeficient
No negative phaseNo negative phaseNo negative phaseNo negative phase‘‘Negative phase’ may occurNegative phase’ may occur‘‘Negative phase’ may occurNegative phase’ may occur
Subsequent dose less effectiveSubsequent dose less effectiveSubsequent dose less effectiveSubsequent dose less effectiveBooster effect on subsequent Booster effect on subsequent dosedose
Booster effect on subsequent Booster effect on subsequent dosedose
No memoryNo memoryNo memoryNo memoryImmunological memory present Immunological memory present
Immunological memory present Immunological memory present
Immediate immunityImmediate immunityImmediate immunityImmediate immunityImmunity effective only after lag Immunity effective only after lag periodperiod
Immunity effective only after lag Immunity effective only after lag periodperiod
Transient, less effectiveTransient, less effectiveTransient, less effectiveTransient, less effectiveDurable, effective protectionDurable, effective protectionDurable, effective protectionDurable, effective protection
Readymade antibody transferredReadymade antibody transferredReadymade antibody transferredReadymade antibody transferredInduced by infection or by Induced by infection or by immunogensimmunogens
Induced by infection or by Induced by infection or by immunogensimmunogens
Received passively,No active Received passively,No active host participhost participnn
Received passively,No active Received passively,No active host participhost participnn
Produced actively by host’s Produced actively by host’s immune systemimmune system
Produced actively by host’s Produced actively by host’s immune systemimmune system
Passive ImmunityPassive ImmunityPassive ImmunityPassive ImmunityActive ImmunityActive ImmunityActive ImmunityActive Immunity
Adoptive immunityAdoptive immunityAdoptive immunityAdoptive immunity
Extract of immunologically competent Extract of immunologically competent
lymphocytes: Transfer factor, are injectedlymphocytes: Transfer factor, are injected
Application- Lepromatous leprosyApplication- Lepromatous leprosy
Extract of immunologically competent Extract of immunologically competent
lymphocytes: Transfer factor, are injectedlymphocytes: Transfer factor, are injected
Application- Lepromatous leprosyApplication- Lepromatous leprosy
Local immunityLocal immunityLocal immunityLocal immunity
Achieved by administration of live vaccinesAchieved by administration of live vaccines
•Eg: Polio vaccineEg: Polio vaccine
Secretory IgA produced locally by plasma Secretory IgA produced locally by plasma
cellscells
These IgA are responsible for thisThese IgA are responsible for this
Achieved by administration of live vaccinesAchieved by administration of live vaccines
•Eg: Polio vaccineEg: Polio vaccine
Secretory IgA produced locally by plasma Secretory IgA produced locally by plasma
cellscells
These IgA are responsible for thisThese IgA are responsible for this
Herd immunityHerd immunityHerd immunityHerd immunity
Refers to overall level of immunity in a communityRefers to overall level of immunity in a community
Relevant in controlling epidemic diseaseRelevant in controlling epidemic disease
Eradication of communicable diseases depends on Eradication of communicable diseases depends on
the development of a high level of herd immunitythe development of a high level of herd immunity
Refers to overall level of immunity in a communityRefers to overall level of immunity in a community
Relevant in controlling epidemic diseaseRelevant in controlling epidemic disease
Eradication of communicable diseases depends on Eradication of communicable diseases depends on
the development of a high level of herd immunitythe development of a high level of herd immunity
ImmunologImmunologyy
Your Skin
Pathogen
Pathogen
Your T-cell
Your WBC
Factors influencing level of Factors influencing level of immunityimmunity
Factors influencing level of Factors influencing level of immunityimmunity
Two
Extremes
Factors influencing level of immunity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Factors influencing level of immunity
Components of Innate Immunity
Physical Barriers Chemical Barriers Biological Barriers
Innate immunityInnate immunity
Acquired immunityAcquired immunity
Active immunity Active immunity
Passive immunityPassive immunity
Factors influencing innate immunityFactors influencing innate immunity
Comparison – active and passive Comparison – active and passive
immunityimmunity
Mechanism of innate immunityMechanism of innate immunity
Innate immunityInnate immunity
Acquired immunityAcquired immunity
Active immunity Active immunity
Passive immunityPassive immunity
Factors influencing innate immunityFactors influencing innate immunity
Comparison – active and passive Comparison – active and passive
immunityimmunity
Mechanism of innate immunityMechanism of innate immunity
Local immunityLocal immunity
Herd immunityHerd immunity
Adoptive immunityAdoptive immunity
VaccinesVaccines
Cell Mediated ImmunityCell Mediated Immunity
Antibody Mediated ImmunityAntibody Mediated Immunity
Local immunityLocal immunity
Herd immunityHerd immunity
Adoptive immunityAdoptive immunity
VaccinesVaccines
Cell Mediated ImmunityCell Mediated Immunity
Antibody Mediated ImmunityAntibody Mediated Immunity
In severe combined immunodeficiency, a person's ability to fight infections is severely impaired. This
condition has been dubbed "bubble boy disease" and became widely known during the 1970s with the case of David Vetter, who lived for 12 years
sealed in a plastic, germfree environment.
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