Secondary Two

Topic: Bones and Joints

Sub Topic: Bone Related

Injuries

• Students will be able to:

• identify the common injuries related to

bone;

• understand what to do when

encountering bone related injuries;

• understand the healing and recovery

process for bone related injuries.

• Sprain

• Ligament tear

• Fractures

• Dislocation

• R.I.C.E.

• One conversation

• Ask questions

• No sleeping

WHAT IS BONE INJURY?

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT BONE INJURY?

Shout it out!

Bone Injury

Bone injury happens when the bone is

subjected to stress

◦ Sudden stress

Please look away if you think you are not able

to take the scenes!

◦ Long term stress (overuse)

Eg. Meniscus wear and tear as mentioned in

previous topic

HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU HAVE A BONE INJURY?

Not every bone injury looks like

this…

Direct Bone and Bone Related

Injuries1. When injuries occur, the impact can

be either directly affecting the bone,

for example:

◦ Bone fracture

◦ Cartilage wear and tear

Direct Bone and Bone Related

Injuries2. There are times when the injury

takes place at sites around the bone

◦ eg. Ligament injuries, joint injuries

DIRECT BONE INJURIES

Direct Bone Injuries

Direct bone injuries come generally in

2 forms

◦ Bone fracture

◦ Cartilage damage

Bone Fracture

Question:

◦ What is the difference between a broken

bone and bone fracture?

Broken bone or bone fracture?

Ans.: It is both a bone

fracture and a broken bone.

Bone Fracture vs. Broken

Bone Scientific term vs. layman term

But bone fracture can be further

divided into a few different categories:

◦ Closed fracture

◦ Open fracture

Closed Fracture

Closed fracture of a bone refers to the

bone being “cracked”, but the skin not

being damaged

Usually observed via the “distorted

shape”

Closed Fracture – Hairline Crack

Also known as stressed fracture

◦ Mildest form of closed fracture

◦ Pain intensity can be ranging from a lot or

pain only upon exertion

Open Fracture

Usually very “scary” at sight

◦ Be mentally prepared…

Open Fracture

Also known as compound fracture

Results in the “broken bone”

protruding out of the skin

BONE RELATED INJURIES

Bone Related Injuries

Referring to injuries inflicted to area

surrounding the bone

◦ eg. Ligament, muscles (covered in next

chapter), meniscus

Ligament Injuries

Have you heard of…

◦ ACL tear?

◦ MCL tear?

◦ PCL tear?

What are these things that seemed to

be torn so easily?

Ligament Injuries

More commonly occur to ligaments

found at the lower limb

◦ Main bulk of the body’s weight is

supported by the leg

◦ Higher chance of the ligaments subjected

to overstrain, thus leading to a tear

Common Ligament Injuries

ACL / PCL / MCL / LCL

◦ Anterior / Posterior / Medial / Lateral

Cruciate Ligament

ACL / PCL / MCL / LCL Tears

Happens when knee is subjected to

stress

Sprains

Not all ligament injuries “must be torn”

If the joint is subjected to a sudden

twist / stress leading to the ligament

being stretched, it will result in a

sprain

Dislocation

Sometimes if the ligament got pulled

too hard coupled with a violent twist, it

may result in dislocation

Common dislocation takes place at

the shoulder when it is rotated too

hard into an “odd angle”

Torn Cartilage

Cartilage is the “padding” that absorbs

the impact at the end of the bone

One example is the meniscus found at

the knee joint

◦ May tear when the joint is twisted violently

◦ The joint may “lock” and not straighten

fully for some time

INJURY MANAGEMENT

What to do when…

If you are the one injured

If you witness an injury

If you are the injured person

Where possible, DO NOT move

◦ Reduce possibility of further aggravation

of injury

Call for help

But if you in such a position…

You will move yourself in order not to

be subjected to further life threatening

danger

◦ Fire

◦ On the road

◦ Alone in a deserted area

If you are the witness…

Check on the injured person

◦ If help is rendered

◦ If ambulance had been called

◦ Check if he needs any assistance

Do not move the person unless he is

in a more dangerous position

Find ice pack

Recovery

Bone fractures

◦ The recovery is a natural process

◦ Need to rest and avoid excessive

movements

Ligaments

◦ http://www.physioroom.com/injuries/suppl

ements/ligaments2.php

R.I.C.E.

A recommended way to help in

recovery for soft tissues (i.e. ligaments

and muscles)

◦ R – Rest

◦ I – Ice

◦ C – Compression

◦ E – Elevation

R.I.C.E.

R – Rest◦ Rest is the most important thing one

should follow when injured

◦ Prevents further aggravation of injury

◦ Helps body to recover faster

I – Ice◦ Put an ice pack on the swollen area

◦ Leave it on for about 15 min

◦ Remove to allow area to re-warm (~10 min)

◦ Re-apply ice pack

R.I.C.E.

C – Compression

◦ Bandage the swollen area firmly (NOT

tightly)

◦ Reduce swelling

Leads to better blood circulation for faster

recovery

E – Elevation

◦ Raise injured area above heart level

◦ Helps in “returning blood” to heart faster

◦ Reduce swelling

R.I.C.E.

R.I.C.E. is also applicable to bleeding

Ice pack coupled with raising of

injured area helps in reducing blood

loss

Lets Recap

• Sprain

• Ligament

• Fracture

• Dislocation

• R.I.C.E.