Preparation/TrainingPrepared by: Abera

Dessalegn

What is Tactics? Tactics are the specific actions, sequences of actions,

and schedules you use to fulfil your strategy Tactics are methods by which performers try to outwit

(get the better of, beat) an opponent. Tactics are the skills required in any game that allows a

player or team to effectively use their skills and talent to the best possible advantage

Consists of tactical actions as well as other measures which are adopted before or during the competition for successful participation.

Tactical preparation relates to measures (specially organized physical exercises, trials, mental drills, modelling etc.) whose aim is to instil/inspire/encourage cognitive competitive tactics.

Tactical preparation enables athletes to make the most effective utilization of their motor and technical abilities in competitions.

Strategy and tactics should not used interchangeably. Strategy is the overall plan for successful participation in

competition where as tactics is the actual realisation of strategy in practice

Tactics aims at hindering or negatively affecting the opponents through motor actions or other means.

Use of certain type of behaviour or actions before or during the competition with the aim of achieving negative psychological effect on the opponent (language, gesture, warm up before competition starts)

Many times in sports tactics aim at influencing the

judgement or decision of the judges

The means of tactics may be motor actions, gestures,

behaviour or even language and it may be used before

the competition or during the competition

Tactical action is a motor action done with some

tactical purpose.

Tactical action is an activity which aims at optimum

success and is done in consideration of total

competition conditions, self strengths and weaknesses

of the opponent

Tactical action can be divided in to three phases

A tactical action is of complex psycho-physical nature

and its three phases are interlinked and

interdependent

These phases are:

1. Perception and analysis of competition situation

2. Mental solution of the tactical task

3. Motor solution of the tactical task

Perception and analysis of the competition situation is the

first phase of a tactical action.

The speed and accuracy of this phase is decisive.

Memory plays a vital role in perception and analysis of the

situation

In addition to the stored experiences in the memory

perception depends on several factors:

Anticipation(eagerness), orientation(direction), interest,

motivation etc.

On the basis of the perceived situation the sports man has to analyse the situation and recognise the task to be tackled.

Analysis is a complex cognitive process and depends much on the memory and the ability of the sportsman to think logically.

Can be improved by training and should be adequately stressed in tactical training through appropriate means.

Finding mental solution for the perceived tactical task Depends on the stored experiences in the memory Important factors which influence or determine the

speed and quality of mental solution are: Knowledge about one’s own abilities Knowledge about the abilities of the opponent The awareness of competition situation Experience Tactical knowledge Problem solving ability(tactical thinking)

Mental solution of a tactical task is basically a decision making process on the basis available knowledge and alternatives.

In sport, this decision making process runs faster if the situation is not new and the sportsman has experienced in the past.

This ability can be significantly improved through training.

The mental solution realised through motor action ( i.e.

motor solution).

Motor solution is a motor action and, therefore, depends

on motor coordination.

It has both the psychic and physical elements; It

depends on motor abilities and skills as well as on

certain other physical qualities.

Aims at enabling the sportsman to effectively organise for the competition, and to compete successfully.

it can be further divide in to following aims:Sports men should learn to perceive and analyse the

competition situation quickly and effectively and should be able to quickly find a mental solution

He should be able to quickly select and apply the skills, which he has learnt, for the best tactical results

He should be able to compete in such a manner that he

is able to outsmart his opponent

He should be able to implement his competition plan

effectively even under most difficult conditions

He should be able to assess and analyse his own

tactical behaviour as well as of his opponents.

The above mentioned aims can be achieved by accomplishing the following three things:

Tactical knowledge

Tactical skills

Tactical abilities

In order to accomplish the aims of tactics the sportsman must have the knowledge about:

Rules and regulation of the game

Should know when and where particular technique should

be used to get the best tactical advantage

Know means and possibilities of disturbing his opponent

psychologically

Should know in which way and up to what extent the

judges, spectators etc, can influence his performance

Must learn to observe and analyze his own tactical

behaviour as well as the behaviour of the other

sportsmen

Must know how to organize for the competition

effectively

It is an automatised motor action

Accusation of tactical skill is important to enable the

sports men to enable the sportsman to do the required

motor actions during competition without concentrating

on the movement execution

It needs: variations of tactical skills, creative tactical

actions and mastered under competition conditions

It is the capacity of the sportsmen to apply his physical

and psychic abilities:

The competition situation, differentiation of sensory input

and perception of the situation

1. Unity of theory and practice

Theoretical preparation (lecture, discussions,

explanations etc) should be meaningfully and effectively

combined with the physical exercises for tactical

preparation.

Correct and quick observation and perception of tactical

situations and tasks is of important for high level of

tactical mastery (developed through proper and

systematic use of theoretical and practical and practical

problem solving)

Tactical preparation must aim at developing the:

abilities

Skills and

knowledge

of the sportsman to organize for the competition.

The sportsman must learn to formulate the

competition plan himself on the basis of his

tactical knowledge and tactical organization

It gives a sense of confidence

A sportsman must possesses certain cognitive

and emotional qualities to realise the competition

plan under the competition condition

Each sportsman must know the means and

possibilities of correctly assessing the tactical

behaviour of himself and others

Frequent lecture discussion about the matches

and competition

Tactical actions and behaviours are a conscious and creative activities and developed by exposing to new and unaccustomed situations

The degree of difficulty should be progressively increased

In each session new elements have to be introduced

Tactics is the product of creative self effort

Sportsman must always try to find new solutions

to old situations

He must learn to think creatively and tactically

Tactics are used both in team and individual activities.

The tactics you use in an activity can depend on a number of different factors:

1) the strength of your team or your opponents. 2) The weaknesses of your team or your opponents. 3) The Physical Qualit ies of your team and your

opponents. 4) The performance of your team and your opponents

team.

Individual activities can employ certain tactics for

success.

In cycling, cyclists slipstream behind one another to

reduce resistance. This allows them to pedal at the

same rate as the leader but with less effort as they are

not cycling into the wind.

In racket sports, a players tactic would be to make his

opponent move in order to create space for a winning

shot

A player could play the tennis ball to the back of the

court and the play the following shot to the front of the

court so that it is difficult for the opponent to reach the

ball.

Badminton: Opponent’s weakness is backhand

. A 800m runner will decide a pace to run at and

choose the right time to break from the other

competitors.

Team activities employ different tactics than individual activities. The tactics must be planned on a bigger scale as there are more people involved.

These can be in the form of a “Game-plan” or “Structure” which can be adapted to suit changing situations throughout the duration of the activity if necessary.

i.e. If your team is losing or you have a player sent off.

In team activities each member will have a certain position and role within the structure or strategy. This role will be determined by their individual strengths and weaknesses.

For example, in Baseball, the best catchers would man the bases and the best throwers would play outfield.

We must also consider attack and defence tactics in

team games.

For example: Defence ‘A’ in Basketball could take the

form of ‘man to man’ where each player is responsible

for marking their opposite number.

Defence ‘B’ could be the use of a Zone defence,

where each defender marks space and not a

particular player.