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RECOVERY STRATEGIES FOR TRAINING AND MATCHES IN
FOOTBALL
Yann LE MEUR
November 6th amp 7th 2014 Sevilla Spain
YLMSportScience
TR
AIN
ING
LO
AD
hellip
❶ DEVELOPMENT PHASE
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY
TIME
hellip
TIME
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY T
RA
ININ
G L
OA
D
❷ TAPERING PHASE
hellip
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY T
RA
ININ
G L
OA
D
TIME
❸ COMPETITIVE PHASE
TO SPEED UP THE FATIGUE
CLEARANCE BEFORE DURING
amp AFTER A COMPETITION
TO REDUCE THE RISKS OF
TRAINING MALADAPTATIONS
(INJURY amp OVERREACHING)
THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF RECOVERY
PERIODISATION OF RECOVERY STRATEGIES
BUILDING PHASE TAPER COMPETITION
Sleep
Diet
Hydration
Cold water immersion WBC
Only in case of intense fatigue
Active recovery In the case of repeated high
intensity efforts
EMS No No
Compression garments
Massage
Cooling vest No No
THE REALITY OF FOOTBALL
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
TR
AIN
ING
LO
AD
hellip
❶ DEVELOPMENT PHASE
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY
TIME
hellip
TIME
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY T
RA
ININ
G L
OA
D
❷ TAPERING PHASE
hellip
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY T
RA
ININ
G L
OA
D
TIME
❸ COMPETITIVE PHASE
TO SPEED UP THE FATIGUE
CLEARANCE BEFORE DURING
amp AFTER A COMPETITION
TO REDUCE THE RISKS OF
TRAINING MALADAPTATIONS
(INJURY amp OVERREACHING)
THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF RECOVERY
PERIODISATION OF RECOVERY STRATEGIES
BUILDING PHASE TAPER COMPETITION
Sleep
Diet
Hydration
Cold water immersion WBC
Only in case of intense fatigue
Active recovery In the case of repeated high
intensity efforts
EMS No No
Compression garments
Massage
Cooling vest No No
THE REALITY OF FOOTBALL
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
hellip
TIME
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY T
RA
ININ
G L
OA
D
❷ TAPERING PHASE
hellip
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY T
RA
ININ
G L
OA
D
TIME
❸ COMPETITIVE PHASE
TO SPEED UP THE FATIGUE
CLEARANCE BEFORE DURING
amp AFTER A COMPETITION
TO REDUCE THE RISKS OF
TRAINING MALADAPTATIONS
(INJURY amp OVERREACHING)
THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF RECOVERY
PERIODISATION OF RECOVERY STRATEGIES
BUILDING PHASE TAPER COMPETITION
Sleep
Diet
Hydration
Cold water immersion WBC
Only in case of intense fatigue
Active recovery In the case of repeated high
intensity efforts
EMS No No
Compression garments
Massage
Cooling vest No No
THE REALITY OF FOOTBALL
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
hellip
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH OF RECOVERY T
RA
ININ
G L
OA
D
TIME
❸ COMPETITIVE PHASE
TO SPEED UP THE FATIGUE
CLEARANCE BEFORE DURING
amp AFTER A COMPETITION
TO REDUCE THE RISKS OF
TRAINING MALADAPTATIONS
(INJURY amp OVERREACHING)
THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF RECOVERY
PERIODISATION OF RECOVERY STRATEGIES
BUILDING PHASE TAPER COMPETITION
Sleep
Diet
Hydration
Cold water immersion WBC
Only in case of intense fatigue
Active recovery In the case of repeated high
intensity efforts
EMS No No
Compression garments
Massage
Cooling vest No No
THE REALITY OF FOOTBALL
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
TO SPEED UP THE FATIGUE
CLEARANCE BEFORE DURING
amp AFTER A COMPETITION
TO REDUCE THE RISKS OF
TRAINING MALADAPTATIONS
(INJURY amp OVERREACHING)
THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF RECOVERY
PERIODISATION OF RECOVERY STRATEGIES
BUILDING PHASE TAPER COMPETITION
Sleep
Diet
Hydration
Cold water immersion WBC
Only in case of intense fatigue
Active recovery In the case of repeated high
intensity efforts
EMS No No
Compression garments
Massage
Cooling vest No No
THE REALITY OF FOOTBALL
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
PERIODISATION OF RECOVERY STRATEGIES
BUILDING PHASE TAPER COMPETITION
Sleep
Diet
Hydration
Cold water immersion WBC
Only in case of intense fatigue
Active recovery In the case of repeated high
intensity efforts
EMS No No
Compression garments
Massage
Cooling vest No No
THE REALITY OF FOOTBALL
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
THE REALITY OF FOOTBALL
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
WHAT DOES A FOOTBALL MATCH INVOLVE
To optimize post match
recovery strategies you
need first to determine the
origins of fatigue
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Mohr et al JSS 2003
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
ARE THE PLAYERS REALLY EXPERIENCING FATIGUE
Parameters Performance
Level Outcome References
Running amp Sprinting
distances in the last 15-min period of the
game
1er League UK Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
25-50
Bradley 2009 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Sprint amp Jump Performance
Elite Elite Elite
Professional High-Profile
2-8
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2005 Krustrup 2010
Mohr 2003 Mohr 2010
Yo-Yo Intermittent Performance
Elite 50-60 Krustrup 2010
Isometric MVC Elite Elite
Young elite 7-10
Andersson 2008 Krustrup 2011 Thorlund 2009
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
PLAYERS DEMONSTRATE FATIGUE AT THE
END OF A MATCH YES BUT WHY
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MUSCLE DAMAGES amp SORENESS
❶ Promote muscle protein synthesis
amp Reduce muscle soreness
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETION
❷ Promote glycogen resynthesis
Krustrup et al 2011
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
DEHYDRATION
bull 20 high-profile soccer players were studied during match
play at 311degC
bull A large correlation was observed between the net fluid
loss during the game and the fatigue index in the post-
match sprint test (r=073)
❸ Promote rehydration
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF FATIGUE
MENTAL FATIGUE
❹ Facilitate
mental
recovery
bull 10 semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-minute laboratory-based
treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match-play
bull 2 separate trials were performed in randomised order with and without the added
stressor of a continuous grid-based vigilance task
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SUMMARY 1
Neacutedelec et al 2012
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
MOST COMMON QUESTIONS ON
RECOVERY IN FOOTBALL
❶ What should I do after a match ❷ Is it really necessary to speed up post match recovery ❸ What should priviligiate the day after ❹ What are the basics regarding nutrition and hydration ❺ How can I promote sleep after a match ❻Can recovery strategies prevent non contact injuries ❼How can recovery limit the development of persistent fatigue
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SO LETrsquoS TALK ABOUT RECOVERY STRATEGIES NOW
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
❶ PROMOTE
MUSCLE
REGENERATION
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
AMINO ACIDS
Cell
Blood
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
Oxydation
Synthesis Degradation
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Time (h)
Meal Meal
Rate
of
MP
S amp
MP
B
Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS)
Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB)
Meal
A
B
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Figure by Leigh Breen
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Moore et al APNM 2014
REPAIR THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN INTAKE
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Levenhagen et al AJPEM 2001
REPAIR THE TIMING OF PROTEIN INTAKE
NO TIME TO WASTE
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REPAIR MANUAL OF MUSCLE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Recovery
plan
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Stimulating mTor activation post-exercise
is key to facilitate muscle recovery
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents are more likely to be efficacious
mTor (and muscle
synthesis activation)
Leucine
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REPAIR THE SOURCE OF PROTEINS
Chart by Leigh Breen
Dietaryproteins with a full complement of
essential amino acids and high leucine
contents that are rapidly digested are more
likely to be efficacious
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
20 400
50
100
150
Ingested protein dose (g)
C
ha
ng
e in
MP
S fro
m b
as
al
Whey
Casein
Soy
MU
SC
LE
REPAIR THE QUANTITY OF PROTEINS
20-25g of proteins seems to be optimal
to maximize muscle protein synthesis
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Milk is an effective drink to
support muscle recovery
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion may
also help to reduce muscle
damages post exercise
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Figure from Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
❶bis REDUCING
MUSCLE
SORENESS
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Leeder et al BJSM 2011
REDUCE MUSCLE DAMAGES
Cold water immersion reduce muscle
soreness (analgesic effect)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
4x30s max
15min 10degC 15min in
magic bath
(347degC
placebo)
15min at 347degC
(control)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The magic bath
laquo To eliminate any potential bias
participants in the placebo condition
were led to believe that a thermoneutral
water immersion (with the addition of the
skin cleanser) was beneficial in recovery
from high intensity exercise which we
considered to be more effective than
convincing participants that Cold Water
Immersion was detrimentalrdquo
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Cold Water Immersion
Thermoneutral water immersion placebo
Thermoneutral water immersion control
MVCpeak (Nm) 2506 plusmn 487 2344 plusmn 637 2404 plusmn 852
MVCavg (Nm) 2196 plusmn 433 2070 plusmn 569 2116 plusmn 719
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
0 indicating lsquolsquonot effective at allrsquorsquo and 5 indicating
lsquolsquoextremely effectiverdquo
A POTENTIAL PLACEBO EFFECT
The commonly hypothesized physiological benefits
surrounding cold water immersion are at least partly
placebo related
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
BUT hellip
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
BUT hellip
Halson et al MSSE 2014 (Yamane et al EJAP 2006)
Ihsan et al ECSS 2013
Froumlhlich et al JSCR 2014
Raastad et al unpublished data
Use cold water immersion when you have to speed up
recovery but not everyday
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Mac Rae et al 2011
Parameters Oslash
Perf
Force 0 9 0
Jump amp Sprint
1 5 0
Endurance 1 1 0
DOMS 12 3 1
[La-] 1 3 0
Markers of muscle damages
3 7 0
Leg circumference 0 2 0
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS COMPRESSION
GARMENTS
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Pay attention to the therapist
education
Moraska MSSE 2007
One of the most employed recovery
technique in the field
But effect on performance are often
unclear
Generally associated with positive
perceived effects by athletes
But difficult to investigate by sports
scientists due to the heterogeneity of
employed protocols
REDUCE MUSCLE SORENESS MASSAGE
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
❷ REHYDRATE
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REHYDRATION KEY TIPS TO REMEMBER
- Start immediately at exercise cessation
- No aggressive rehydration strategies needed
after a match (sufficient recovery period before the
next one)
- Fluids should be consumed over time rather than
being ingested in large boluses to maximize fluid
retention (split intakes to ~200mL every 15min)
- Encourage spontaneous rehydration with slightly
flavored cool water
-1 gL-1 of Na+
- Co-absorption of CHO has shown its efficacy
(glucose active transport is associated with sodium
absorption)
- Limit caffeine consumption which increases
urinary excretion of electrolytes
- Check your hydration status with urines color
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Cryovestreg France
To reduce sweat loss by increasing heat
conduction
FACILITATE POST-EXERCISE THERMOLYSIS
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
❸ RESTORE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
Krustrup et al EJAP 2011
-7 professional soccer
players
- Biopsies pre post
+24h +48h amp +72h
post match
- Controlled High CHO
diet (95gkgday)
Yes if your team is playing 2 matches
within the week or if you need to undertake
a significant training load between matches
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
-7 professional soccer
players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet
during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
But keep in mind that muscle
glycogen resynthesis is impaired
after a soccer game
Gunnarsson et al
SJMSS 2013
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
RESTORE NEED FOR AN AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0-24h 24-48h
Gly
coge
n r
esy
nth
esi
s (m
mo
lkg
dw
h)
Cycling
Soccer
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
Kiens amp Richter AJP 1998
This phenomenon may be related to muscle damages
Key role of eccentric training to reduce muscle damages
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
RESTORE THE TIMING OF CHO INTAKE
Delaying the ingestion of
CHO post match will result
in a reduced rate of muscle
glycogen storage
Immediate recovery after
exercise (0-4h) 10 to 12 g
CHOkgh should be consumed at
frequent intervals
Ivy et al JAP 1988
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
RESTORE THE TYPE OF CHO
0
40
80
120
160
End of exercise 24 h after
Low glycaemic index
High glycaemic index
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
Consumption of CHO foods
with a moderate to high GI is
recommended
No difference reported
between liquid and solid CHO
sources
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
❹ DISSIPATE
MENTAL STRESS
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SLEEP
Sleep restriction is generally associated with Cognitive Performance Alertness Reaction Time Memory Decision Making Sleepiness Overall Mood States
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Ensure ideal sleeping
environment (quiet cool and dark)
❷ Create a relaxing bedtime
routine (turn of your TV no
smartphone)
❸ Keep your room dark and cool
❹ Take a warm shower to facilitate
sleep onset
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Hydration Milk
chocolate End of the
match
Cold bath
10min at 12degC
Meal Soup pasta
meatsalmon cake
Sleep
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
= + +
+ + Flight back home
POST MATCH RECOVERY PROTOCOL
Milk
chocolate
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
REPAIR THE PATTERN OF PROTEINS INGESTION
Areta et al J Physiol 2013
Repeat meal feedings of 20 g of
protein every 3ndash4 h to maximize
post-exercise recovery
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
25g Pro Sleep 25g Pro
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Time (h)
REPAIR PAY ATTENTION TO THE
POST MATCH NIGHT
Figure by Leigh Breen
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
- 16 healthy young males - Single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (800 pm) - 20g PRO + 60g CHO post exercice (900 pm) -30 min before sleep (2330 h) subjects ingested a beverage with (PRO) or without (PLA) 40 g of casein protein
PROTEIN INGESTION BEFORE SLEEP
Casein ingested immediately
before sleep is effective to
stimulate muscle protein
synthesis during postexercise
overnight recovery
Res et al MSSE 2012
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SUMMARY 2
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
AND WHAT ABOUT THE THIRD HALF
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SEE YOU THERE
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Barnes et al EJAP 2011
10 healthy males performed 300 maximal
eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles
of one leg on an isokinetic dynamometer
05 g of alcohol per kg bodyweight (as vodka and
orange juice) or an isocaloric isovolumetric non-
alcoholic beverage
80kg 40g of alcohol = 50mL of alcohol
~ one glass of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL PROBLEM
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
Consumption of a low dose of
alcohol after damaging exercise
appears to have no effect on the
loss of force associated with
strenuous eccentric exercise
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
OK GUYS I KNOW THAT WE ARE IN
SEVILLA
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Parr et al PloS One 2014
Effects of alcohol on muscle recovery
8times5 reps leg extension 80 1RM
followed by continuous (30 min moderate
intensity) and high intensity interval
(10times30 s 110 PPO) cycling
500 mL of whey protein (25 g PRO)
Alcohol (15 gmiddotkg body mass⁻sup1) co-
ingested with protein (ALC-PRO)
or an energy-matched quantity of
carbohydrate also with alcohol (25 g
maltodextrin ALC-CHO)
80kg 120g of alcohol = 150mL of alcohol
~ 3 glasses of vodka orange
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Desbrow et al IJNSEM 2014
Effects of alcohol on the hydration status
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Feige et al ECSR 2006
THE THIRD HALF A REAL ISSUE FOR RECOVERY
Effects of alcohol on sleep
Normal social drinking Alcohol abuse
Short-term
moderate alcohol
consumption did not
significantly alter
objective
or subjective
parameters of sleep
Influences sleep in the first
half of the night resembling
the effects
of a short-acting hypnotic
drug including a
suppression of phasic
aspects of REM sleep
Presence of
withdrawal effects
(increased light sleep)
during the latter part of
these nights
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
25g Sleep 10g
Maximal Protein Synthesis Rate
An
ab
oli
sm
C
ata
bo
lism
Temps (h)
+
BREAKFAST KEEP STIMULATE MUSCLE
REGENERATION
Pay attention to your
breakfast the day after the
match Proteins needed
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS
Gunnarsson et al SJMSS 2013
7 professional soccer players (CON) vs 10 with
High CHO amp Pro diet during 2 days
CON EXP
CHO (g) 378 plusmn 57 785 plusmn 25
FAT (g) 120 plusmn 17 232 plusmn 8
PRO (g) 91 plusmn 16 40 plusmn 1
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Sprint 2m
Sprint 20m
ENCOURAGE NAPPING
- 10 healthy males - either napped or sat quietly from 1300 to 1330 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 2300-0300 h only)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
ADJUST TRAINING LOAD
2
2
15
3
2
105 Adjust training load and resting
periods according to perceived
fatigue amp muscle soreness
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
21 male youth rugby league players
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) 3 RM back
squat amp bench press assessed prior to 2 competitive
fixtures
CMJ amp blood creatine kinase(CK) assessed before
and after match-play
Players were into high- and low-groups based on
physical qualities
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Differences in match demands between players based on Yo-Yo back squat and bench press performance
Yo-Yo Back Squat
High Low ES p High Low ES p
Absolute Demands
Playing Time (min) 54 plusmn 22 49 plusmn 20 027 0273 57 plusmn 20 44 plusmn 19 065 0055
Distance (m) 5391 plusmn 1350
4898 plusmn
1658 033 0233
5587 plusmn
1033
4531 plusmn
1754 073 0040
LSA (m) 4927 plusmn 1212
4564 plusmn
1601 026 0284 5158 plusmn1038
4231 plusmn
1660 067 0059
HSR (m) 332 plusmn 126 230 plusmn 104 088 0028 323 plusmn 102 216 plusmn 116 099 0011
VHSR (m) 53 plusmn 48 20 plusmn 17 091 0023 46 plusmn 40 24 plusmn 36 057 0089
Contact Efforts () 23 plusmn 9 26 plusmn 12 026 0283 29 plusmn 10 20 plusmn 9 099 0032
RHIE Bouts () 3 plusmn 2 3 plusmn 3 003 0438 4 plusmn 3 2 plusmn 1 089 0020
Relative Demands
Distance (mmin-1) 93 plusmn 9 93 plusmn 11 006 0447 91 plusmn 7 95 plusmn 13 033 0214
LSA (mmin-1) 85 plusmn 8 86 plusmn 10 008 0429 84 plusmn 5 88 plusmn 11 048 0107
HSR (mmin-1) 6 plusmn 2 4 plusmn 1 087 0030 5 plusmn 2 5 plusmn 2 041 0148
VHSR (mmin-1) 09 plusmn 10 05 plusmn 06 056 0103 08 plusmn 09 06 plusmn 08 026 0275
Contact Efforts (nmin) 04 plusmn 02 05 plusmn 02 045 0161 05 plusmn 02 04 plusmn 02 035 0316
RHIE Bout Frequency 1 every 33 min
1 every 31
min 009 0399
1 every 31
min
1 every 34
min 013 0385
Players with well-developed high-intensity running ability and lower body
strength demonstrated greater internal and external match loadshellip BUT
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on CMJ peak power
Oslash
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Effects of physical qualities on blood creatine kinase concentration
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
IMPROVE FITNESS TO
FACILITATE POST-MATCH
RECOVERY
SUMMARY 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sedentary subjects
Trained subjects
Mu
scle
gly
co
gen
(m
mo
lkg
)
15 min 6 h 48 h
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
Greiwe et al 1999
6 participants performed high-
intensity stationary cycling 3
dayswk and continuous running
3 dayswk for 10 wk
Muscle glycogen
concentration was measured
after a glycogen-depleting
exercise bout before and after
endurance training
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
TRAINING COMPETITION
RECOVERY
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL
QUALITIES ON RECOVERY
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
INJURY PREVENTION
x5
x6
1 match week 2 matches week
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
INJURY PREVENTION
McCall et al BJSM 2014
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
INJURY PREVENTION
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4 96 h Match 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 120 h 144 h Match 2 24 h
Recover
y
Technical
+
Resistance
Technical
+
Resistance
Highly
Familiarised
Countermovement
Jumps
Wellbeing diary
Capillarised blood
sample
1 7 days between all
games
2 All home games (no
travel)
3 Same training
periodisation
N = 132 data sets
PART A Time course of recovery
MA
TC
H
Skills
Identify smaller group of markers
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
PA
IN
Creatine Kinase
Pain
Fatigue
Recovery
INJURY PREVENTION
Same message
0
100
Co
utt
s e
t a
l E
CS
S 2
01
4
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
INJURY PREVENTION
CK and perceptual measures
follow similar time course of
change following competitive AF
matches regardless of level of
competition (McLean et al
2010)
There is a moderate-to-strong
relationships between the various
perceptual measures and muscle
damage markers (Impellizzeri et
al 2009)
Coutts et al ECSS 2014
PA
IN
0
100
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
MY ADVICE
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
95
OVERREACHING
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
96
ETIOLOGY OF OVERREACHING A COMPLEX PROBLEM
Sleep disturbances
Depleted energy stores
Muscles damages
Mood disturbances
Hormonal disturbances
Mental fatigue
Investigate the
potential origins of
overreaching
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
ENERGY STORES DEPLETION
Achten et al JAP 2004
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Achten et al JAP 2004
Adjust energy intake during
overload periods
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Stimulated
by glycogen
depletion
Ba
ar
an
d M
cGre
e EJ
SS 2
00
8
The laquo TRAIN LOW COMPETE HIGH raquo strategy - 2 training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling (Hansen
et al 2005 Yeo et al 2008) - Training in a fasted state with only water intake (Cox et al 2010)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
3 groups of recreationally active men performed 6 wk of high-intensity intermittent running occurring four times per week Group 1 (Low Glu) and 2 (Low Pla) trained twice per day 2 dayswk and consumed a 64 glucose or placebo solution respectively immediately before every second training session and at regular intervals throughout exercise
Group 3 (Norm) trained once per day 4 dayswk and consumed no beverage throughout training
performance during a Yo-Yo intermittent test amp VO2max in the three groups but no significant difference between them
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SHOULD I ALWAYS TRAIN laquo HIGH CHO raquo STORES
Potential interest during when only 1 match per week is played More research needed on this topic especially in the context of team sports
This strategy is likely to increase activity of oxidative enzymes (and aerobic performance)
Training Low is more stressful for the athlete and may
increase the risk of accumulated fatigue
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Matos et al MSSE 2011
MOST COMMON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
Overloading
3 weeks
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
h
abit
ual
load
)
Daily actimetry recording during time in bed amp Health monitoring
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
3 weeks
Pre Mid
Post
100
50 Baseline 1 week
Taper 2 weeks
Pre Mid (overreaching diagnosis )
Post
130
Control group (n = 9)
Overload group (n = 18)
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
ctu
al
sle
ep
tim
e (
vs
Pre
m
in)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Baseline Overload1 Overload2 Overload3 Taper1 Taper2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
S
lee
p e
ffic
ien
cy (
vs
Pre
)
CTL
AF
F-OR
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
- Sleep disturbances in functionally overreached athletes - Concomitant increase in upper respiratory tracy infections symptoms - Promote sleep hygiene avoid early morning training napping
different from Baseline p lt 005
OVERREACHING amp SLEEP
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Hausswirth et al MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
Health
monitoring
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
An imbalance between
training loads and recovery
has been shown as a major contributor to illness
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP
DISTURBANCES
Milewski MD et al 2014
Online surveys were completed by 112 adolescent athletes (70 completion rate)
including 54 male and 58 female athletes with a mean age of 15 years
The students responses were then correlated with data obtained from a
retrospective review of injury records maintained by the schools athletic
department
Multivariate analysis showed that
hours of sleep per night and the
grade in school were the best
independent predictors of injury
Athletes who slept on average lt8
hours per night were 17 times
more likely to have had an injury
compared with athletes who slept
for ge8 hours
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
KEY TIPS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
❶ Avoid early morning schedule
❷ Set intense training before 6pm
❸ Ensure ideal sleeping environment (quiet
cool and dark) when they are exposed to
high training load
❹ Napping for short periods during the day
may also represent a recommended
recovery strategy for athletes to compensate
the potential decline in actual sleep time
associated with development of
overreaching
❺ Create a relaxing bedtime routine (turn of
your TV no smartphone)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Al Haddad et al IJSPP 2012
Over two different weeks eight highly trained swimmers performed their usual training load (5 dwk approx 21 hwk) Last training session of each training day was immediately followed by 5 min of seated recovery in randomized order with CWI (15degC) or without (CON) Each morning before the first training session (630 AM) during the two experimental weeks subjective ratings of well-being (eg quality of sleep)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Basketball preparation tournaments for the European championship 2013 with men and women French team One week in a training camp followed by three international matches in three days (one per day) 3-min exposure between minus110degC amp -150degC in the morning orand in the evening after a training or match session An improvement in the sleep quality was observed in the night following WBC (37plusmn07 vs 32plusmn09 Plt05) compared with what was observed the night without previous WBC
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON SLEEP
Overload 2
2 weeks
100
50
Overload 1
2 weeks Control Period
2 weeks
125
Trai
nin
g Lo
ad
( h
abit
ual
load
)
Wash out
1week
Parameters WBC effect
Actual Sleep Time uarr Moderate (98)
Sleep Onset Latency darr Small (66)
Sleep Efficiency uarr Small (59)
Bed Time darr Small (66)
Time in Bed uarr Moderate (97)
Schaal et al MSSE 2015
Whole-body cryotherapy may
limit sleep disturbances
during overload periods
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
LIMIT ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
DO NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Overreaching is not only
about training load and
physiology
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
Matos et al MSSE 2011
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Matos et al MSSE 2011
OVERREACHING amp PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
53 elite soccer players between 15-18 years of age participated in this study
Training and match duration and session RPE for two competitive seasons by
means of daily training logs
Recovery Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) administered monthly
to assess the psychosocial stressndash recovery state of players
Injury and illness data collected using the standardised Feacutedeacuteration Internationale
de Football Association registration system
Brink et al BJSM 2010
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
HOW TO PREVENT INJURIES amp OVERREACHING
Brink et al SJMSS 2012
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
SUMMARY 4
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
8-10 sessions in 2 weeks
- 4 short aerobic sessions
(~20 min eg 30s-30s)
- 4-6 sessions of strengt
training according to the
player needs 3-4x de 4-8
reps 75-90 1-RM
Buchheit et al IJSPP 2014
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Changes (90 confidence intervals) in body composition and wellness
scores (upper panel) and physiological and performance (lower panel)
measures after the Christmas break BM body mass FFM fat-free mass
7 Skinfolds sum of the 7 skinfolds as measured 1 week or 1 month (+ 1
mo) after the break
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
1515 HIT high-intensity
training HBG standardized
handball game TD total
distance HI high speed
running (gt17 kmh-1) Acc
acceleration distance (gt3
ms-2) Vmax maximal
velocity reached during the
HBG IMTP isometric mid-
tight pull CMJ counter
movement jump Change
possibly substantiallikely
substantial very likely
substantial almost
certainly substantial
A SHORT BREAK CAN HELP
Players returned from a 2-week break during pre-season well recovered with
preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness despite
small increases in skinfold thickness
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)
Keep in mind
that recovery
is mainly about
education
Find the best
way to
convince your
players
YLMSportScience
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Yann LE MEUR
(page)