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The Crusades

In this lesson, students will be able to define the following terms:

Pilgrim

Crusades

Students will also be able to explain one cause of the Crusades and one effect of the Crusades.

Role of Church in the Middle Ages

• Never was there a time when the Church was so powerful in Western Civilization.

• The Church was led by popes. Priests and nuns converted, gave care to people

Role of Church

• Since there were no strong empires or kingdoms the Church was one organization that had respect and power.

• Popes were more powerful than kings!

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Muslim Conquest

• In the seventh century, Muslims conquered Palestine.

• Initially, the Muslim conquerors allowed Jews and Christians to freely enter the Holy Land.

• As time passed, some Muslim rulers were less tolerant.

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In the seventh century, Muslims conqueredPalestine.

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Christianswanted to visitthe land where

Jesus was born.When a person

travels forreligious

purposes, heis a pilgrim.

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Rumors and Intolerance

• As the years passed, reports spread that Muslims had killed Christian pilgrims and destroyed churches.

• European Christians were also increasingly intolerant of Muslims controlling the Holy Land.

• As tensions increased, war seemed inevitable.

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After a callFor help from

Byzantine Emperor,

Pope Urban IIcalled for

a crusade, 1095.

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Thousands of Europeans

joined the Crusades. Some

joined for the promise of Heaven.

Others joinedhoping for wealth.

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Crusadersoften wore

a crosson their

breastplate.

The Crusades• There were a total of 9 Crusades two were not

sanctioned by the pope• First Crusade began in 1059; last one ends in

1272• Crusaders marched to Constantinople killing and

looting along the way• Crusaders take Jerusalem in 1099• Need Second Crusade to hold it• Jerusalem falls to Muslims in 1187• Fourth Crusade to retake; sack Constantinople

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European crusaders went to the Holy Land.

The CrusadesCrusade—a “holy war”

Goals of the Crusades• Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite

Christianity• Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who

cause trouble• Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting• Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth

through trade• Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven• First Crusade: capture Jerusalem and lands along

coast in 1099

The Crusades continuedThe Third Crusade• Richard the Lion-Hearted—king of England• Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard• Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey• In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles• Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city The Children’s Crusade• In 1212 thousands of children die or are enslaved in failed

crusadeA Spanish Crusade• Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people• Christians fight Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100 to

1492• Spain has Inquisition—court to suppress heresy; expels non-

Christians

Short Tem Effects

• Temporary gains in land

• show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight

• Women more freedom

• Inflation, peasants riot for higher wages

• Persecution of Jews in Europe and Middle East

Long Term EffectsLong Term Effects Failure of later crusades

weakens pope Rise of Nations (Countries) Strengthening of power of

Kings End of Feudalism Improved trade with East Revival in learning and spread

of knowledge Intolerance and brutality of

both sides creates lasting hate.

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Europeans learned about Arab art,architecture, medicine, and mathematics.