17

spoken fluency 2

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HAL LOWEEN

Kristýna Matušková

All Hallows' Eve

● 31st October● Day before All Hallows' Day (All Saint's Day)● ''hallowed'' = holy, sanctified

History● 7th century – Pantheon in Rome consecrated

– 13th May – All Saint's Day

● 1st November (8th century) – for western church● First Sunday after Passover – the Orthodox

church

Hallowe'en and Samhain● Samhain (/ˈsaʊ.wɛn/, /ˈsaʊ.wɪn/) – Celtic festival● Gaelic word – 'end of the summer'● Smoothing the conversion process● E. Britannica – 'in an effort to supplant the

Pagan holiday with a Christian observance'● Oxford D. - 'absorbed and adopted the Celtic

new year festival, the eve and day of Samhain'● Theory – independent of Samhain

Halloween in America● More common in southern colonies (N =

protestants)● 'play parties', public events to celebrate the

harvest, sharing stories of the dead, telling fortunes, dancing, singing

● Middle of 19th century – annual festivities, but not Halloween

● 2nd half of 19th century – immigrants (Ireland, Scotland, England)

Traditions● Bonfires● Masks and costumes● Trick-or-treating

Trick or Treat● 'A Beggers Night'● 1920s – young throwing parties● WWII – toned down (sugar rationing & mood)● After WWII – bulding houses, suburbs – popular● 1950s & 60s – baby boom – important family

activity● Since 1990s – mostly indoors (busy parents &

children's safety)● Malls events

Jack-o'-lantern ( J a c k O ' L a n t e r n )

● =carved pumpkin● Term & practice of carving out of NA● Jack – a lazy farmer who uses a cross to trap/

trick the Devil● Apple tree – crosses – couldn't get down● Both agree on not taking Jack's soul –

heaven/hell – pumpkin● The Devil as a coin

Costumes● Little documentation on costuming before 20th

century● 1930s - in stores● To immitate supernatural and scary beings● Vampires, ghosts, skeletons, witches, devils, …● Pop culture figures – presidents, film, tv and

cartoon characters

Superstitions● Mystery, magic, superstition● Feeling close to deceased● dinner table, leaving treats, lighting up candles,

…● Black cats – witch● Ladders● Breaking mirrors● Stepping on cracs in the road

Superstitions● Identifying future husbands

– A ring burried in mashed potatoes – true love to finder

– Burning hazelnuts

– Concoction of walnuts, hazelnuts and nutmeg – dream

– Dark room, mirrors, candle

Thank you for attention