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SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN INDIA
India’s Population = 1027 MillionAs per 2001 Census
Urban Population = 285 Million
Urban Areas = 5161(Cities / Towns)
TREND OF URBANIZATION
Year Year Year Year 1951 1991 2001 2021
1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 -- Agglomerations / Towns
2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0 (in million)
3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41% Population
MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM
- Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum
- With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per annum
- Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually
- India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually at present.
- Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.
- Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the solid waste generated.
- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste
management of which,
* 60-70% of the amount is on collection alone
* 20% - 30% on transportation
* Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste
- Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities
QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION
TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNEGENERATED IN URBAN AREAS PER DAY (TPD)OF THE COUNTRY
% OF TOTALGARBAGE
WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES 21,100 TPD 18.35%
WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES 19,643 TPD 17.08%(1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)
WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER 42,635.28 TPD 37.07%CLASS-I TOWNS(0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) ____________ _________
83,378.28 TPD 72.50%
IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL WASTE.
Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55% matter (can be converted
into manure)
Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go to landfill)
Recyclable materials = 5% - 10% (Recycling)
These percentages vary from city to city depending on food habits
PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
- STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING
- DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS- TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS- CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED - BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL WASTE STREAM- INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN
AREAS
- SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE NOT DONE
- PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE AT PLACE OF GENERATION
Contd../..
- DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGE DEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF
GARBAGE .
- STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY
- WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES
- WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35 ULBs ONLY
- FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING
- RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROM MUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THE WASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS
REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships
Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management, planning and designing in urban local bodies
Lack of technically trained manpower
Lack of community involvement
Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using modern techniques / best practices
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of Management Information Systems
Lack of funds with ULBs
Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and sustainability
RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. Possible Waste Management Options :
(a) Waste Minimisation (b) Material Recycling(c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery)(d) Waste Transformation(e) Sanitary Landfilling – Limited land availability is a constraint in Metro cities.
2. Processing / Treatment should be :
(i) Technically sound(ii) Financially viable(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community(v) Long term sustainability
RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL
I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)
(A) WASTE TO COMPOST
(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING
(B) WASTE TO ENERGY
(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION
(ii) BIO-METHANATION
II RECYCLING OF WASTE
III SANITARY LANDFILLING
IV TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY
VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR WASTE PROCESSING
TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE
UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING
BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING + MECHANICAL COMPOSTING
MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING + REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF) FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN
VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY (INDUSTRIAL OR NON- INDUSTRIAL)
OR BIO-METHANATION
TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS
Requirement of funds as per 10th Plan document for 0.1 million plus towns as per 1991 Census are as under:-
Capital Investment = Rs.23226.00 million
Equipment replacement = Rs. 1355.00 millioncost
________________
Rs.24581.00 million ________________
Based on January, 2000 prices
INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 - Notified
Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 – Notified.
Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management
Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste Management
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management from city
compost.
Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by Government of India
Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
Public-Private Partnership in SWM
Capacity Building
Urban Reforms Incentive Fund
Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory Authority
Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in ULBs & other Sector Reforms
Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for benefit of ULBs for adoption
Financial Assistance by Government of India - 12th Finance Commission Grants
DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT – RS.2500.00 CRORES
( RS. IN MILLION)
(I) COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION - 3864.4EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY
(II) COMPOST PLANTS - 10012.3
(III) SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT - 10568.8 -------------------
TOTAL 24445.5 ------------------
DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 MillionCOMMISSION
PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT - Rs.5006.2 MillionENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN COMPOSTING / SANITARY LANDFILLING
NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION
CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Grant
LoanCentre State
Cities with 4 million plus population
35% 15% 50%
Cities with one million plus population but less than 4 million
50% 20% 30%
Other cities 80% 10% 10%
MAIN ISSUES
- ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE
- LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
- UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPERCOLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
- INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS
- LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS
- LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs
RECOMMENDATIONS
- Outsourcing of all activities under Solid Waste Management Services recommended by 12th Finance Commission for using grants
- ULBs to concentrate on segregation of waste at source
- Waste processing like composting, bio-methanation should be done through public-private partnerships / private sector
- Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be done under public private partnerships / private sector
- Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central Bio-Medical Waste Management Facilities.