PlatoPlato

PLATO’S ACADEMY:PLATO’S ACADEMY:428-347 BC428-347 BCPupils of socrates Pupils of socrates Wrote a collection of Epistles and about 2Wrote a collection of Epistles and about 25 5 philosophical dialoguesphilosophical dialoguesDuring 40 century he,set up his own school During 40 century he,set up his own school named “ACADEMY”.named “ACADEMY”.Contain 3 subject which is philosophy, Contain 3 subject which is philosophy, mathematics and gymnastics.mathematics and gymnastics.Concerned on the matters of metaphysics Concerned on the matters of metaphysics and epistemology.and epistemology.

THE BASIC OF VIRTUETHE BASIC OF VIRTUE

Ability or skill in some particular respect.Ability or skill in some particular respect. performance of one’s function to achieve a good.performance of one’s function to achieve a good. Virtue is a kinds of wisdom,we assume to be the Virtue is a kinds of wisdom,we assume to be the

one of the acquirable benefits of educationone of the acquirable benefits of education Virtues can learned by observation and from Virtues can learned by observation and from

another people.another people. Morals virtue are the result of habits .It involves Morals virtue are the result of habits .It involves

conscious actions .conscious actions . To know good is to do goodTo know good is to do good

THE WORLD OF IDEASTHE WORLD OF IDEAS

Every things tangible in nature “flows", so that is Every things tangible in nature “flows", so that is no substances can not dissolve.no substances can not dissolve.

Every things is belong to the material world, Every things is belong to the material world, everthing is made after “form" that is eternal and everthing is made after “form" that is eternal and immutable.immutable.

spiritual and abstract in nature are eternal and spiritual and abstract in nature are eternal and immutable.immutable.

Behind the material world must have the reality.Behind the material world must have the reality. This reality called “world of ideas", it contained This reality called “world of ideas", it contained

the eternal and immutable “patterns” behind the the eternal and immutable “patterns” behind the various phenomena come across in nature.various phenomena come across in nature.

TRUE KNOWLEDGETRUE KNOWLEDGE Everything we see around in nature ,everything tangible Everything we see around in nature ,everything tangible

can be likened to a soup bubble, since nothing that can be likened to a soup bubble, since nothing that exists in the world of senses is lasting.exists in the world of senses is lasting.

We can only get the opinions which is belong to the We can only get the opinions which is belong to the world of senses.world of senses.

Cannot always believe the evidence of our sense.Cannot always believe the evidence of our sense. Cannot get the true knowledge through the state of Cannot get the true knowledge through the state of

change.change. We are inexact conceptions of things we perceive with We are inexact conceptions of things we perceive with

our senses but we only get the true knowledge by our senses but we only get the true knowledge by understood with our reasons.understood with our reasons.

AN IMMORTAL SOULAN IMMORTAL SOUL Two regions:Two regions:1.1. World of senses: only have approximate or incomplete World of senses: only have approximate or incomplete

knowledge by using our senses.knowledge by using our senses. In sensory world: everything is flow and nothing is eternal.In sensory world: everything is flow and nothing is eternal. Nothing in the sensory world :the only things that came to be Nothing in the sensory world :the only things that came to be

and pass away.and pass away.2.World of ideas: get the true knowledge by using our reason.2.World of ideas: get the true knowledge by using our reason. The world of ideas cannot perceive by the senses but the ideas The world of ideas cannot perceive by the senses but the ideas

are permanent.are permanent. Our sense are based in the body and are consequently Our sense are based in the body and are consequently

unreliable, but we still have immortal soul and this soul is realm unreliable, but we still have immortal soul and this soul is realm of reasons.of reasons.

The soul exits before it inhabited in the body.The soul exits before it inhabited in the body. Soul wakes up all the body and it has forgotten all the perfect Soul wakes up all the body and it has forgotten all the perfect

ideas.ideas.

THE ALLEGORY OF THE CAVETHE ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE

Expressed the state of ordinary human Expressed the state of ordinary human existence.existence.

Who follow the escape will achieve eternal Who follow the escape will achieve eternal knowledge of the permanent forms.knowledge of the permanent forms.

It would be serve us best if follow this It would be serve us best if follow this guidance ,discipline our own minds and guidance ,discipline our own minds and exactly understanding of the highest exactly understanding of the highest objects of human contemplation.objects of human contemplation.

MEN AND WOMENMEN AND WOMEN

Men and women are different Men and women are different weight ,strength ,and similar qualities, these weight ,strength ,and similar qualities, these different are not universal.different are not universal.

Both male and female should be receive the Both male and female should be receive the same education and be assigned to the same same education and be assigned to the same vital functions within the society.vital functions within the society.

Children are raised and educated by the society Children are raised and educated by the society as a whole rather than their biological parents.as a whole rather than their biological parents.

The society must be prepared the benefits The society must be prepared the benefits higher classes then the family life must be higher classes then the family life must be happy.happy.

THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE

People with a natural philosophical study People with a natural philosophical study must receive the best education.must receive the best education.

Highest goal in all of education is Highest goal in all of education is knowledge of the GOOD.knowledge of the GOOD.

The forms for the GOOD means which we The forms for the GOOD means which we can understand the reality if everything can understand the reality if everything that has value.that has value.

Entire array of human cognition as a line Entire array of human cognition as a line divided into four segments.divided into four segments.

PHILOSOPHER/KINGPHILOSOPHER/KING

An ideal state, if the right people are put in charge can An ideal state, if the right people are put in charge can already achieved the best capabilities of human.already achieved the best capabilities of human.

Since the key to the success is the wisdom of the rulers Since the key to the success is the wisdom of the rulers who make decisions for the entire city, the perfect who make decisions for the entire city, the perfect society will occur when kings become philosopher or society will occur when kings become philosopher or philosopher are made kings.philosopher are made kings.

The theory of forms :the philosophers who think about The theory of forms :the philosophers who think about such things are not idle dreamers ,but the true realists in such things are not idle dreamers ,but the true realists in a society.a society.

In the philosophers function ,they can get the knowledge In the philosophers function ,they can get the knowledge as a decision-makers for the society.as a decision-makers for the society.

KIND OF STATE OR PERSONKIND OF STATE OR PERSON The REPUBLIC have 5 different government / different kinds of people.The REPUBLIC have 5 different government / different kinds of people.1 .Aristrotic government1 .Aristrotic government A society organized in the ideally efficient wayA society organized in the ideally efficient way Person is one rational ,spirited and appetitive souls to work together.Person is one rational ,spirited and appetitive souls to work together. Have a genuine examples of true justice at the society.Have a genuine examples of true justice at the society.2 .Timocratic government2 .Timocratic government Soldiers who is better educated in rules will be the privilege of making Soldiers who is better educated in rules will be the privilege of making

decisions.decisions. Person is one concerned with belligerently defending personal honor than Person is one concerned with belligerently defending personal honor than

with wisely choosing what is perfect.with wisely choosing what is perfect.3 .Oligarchic government 3 .Oligarchic government Is a service of a ruling group included a few powerful and wealthy citizens.Is a service of a ruling group included a few powerful and wealthy citizens. An oligarchic personality is thought and action is devoted to the self-An oligarchic personality is thought and action is devoted to the self-

indulgent life.indulgent life.4 .Democratic government4 .Democratic government Is a anarchy and unruly mob, they all only pursuit private interest.Is a anarchy and unruly mob, they all only pursuit private interest. Someone utterly controlled by the desires .effort to achieve momentary of Someone utterly controlled by the desires .effort to achieve momentary of

satisfaction and no virtue in eternal.satisfaction and no virtue in eternal.5 .Tyrranic government 5 .Tyrranic government Is a single individual has controlled by the mob, but serving personal welfare Is a single individual has controlled by the mob, but serving personal welfare

instead of the interest of the whole society.instead of the interest of the whole society. Focus on satisfaction of truly matters in entire life.Focus on satisfaction of truly matters in entire life.

AristotleAristotle

AristotleAristotle

•384-322BC•Born at Stagira in northern Greece. • He joined the Academy and studied under Plato - twenty years. •set up his own school at Lyceum. •Subject: logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric.

No Innate ideasNo Innate ideas

•The idea or form horse thus had no existence of its own. •inseparable as body and soul. • the highest degree of reality is think with our reason • we have innate power of reason but we have no innate of idea. •Example - our reason is completely empty until we have sensed something.

Logical methodsLogical methods

•intensely concrete and practical,• to unify all of them in a coherent system of thought by developing a common methodology • logic is the instrument by means of which we come to know anything. •the true nature of reality. • language, and reality are all isomorphic

MetaphysicsMetaphysics•experience of what happens is a key to all demonstrative knowledge •any disciplined study is promising because there is an ultimate truth to be discovered, •the abstractness of metaphysical reasoning requires• we think about the processes we are employing even as we use them in search of that truth. •the structure of language and logic naturally mirrors the way things really are. •analyzing our linguistic practices as a guide to the ultimate nature of what is.

Applying the CategoriesApplying the Categories

• Everything in natural belongs to different categories and subcategories.

1.Homonymous uses of a predicate have entirely different explanations

2.Synonymous uses have exactly the same account 3.Paronymous attributions have distinct but related

senses• categories of ten different sorts. • Substance is the most crucial among these ten, since

it describes the thing in terms of what it most truly is. • Primary substance • Secondary substances • Used in combination

The Four Causes The Four Causes • distinction between things of two sorts1. those that move only when moved by something else 2. those that are capable of moving themselves. • 4 Type of causes1. material cause is the basic stuff out of which the thing is made. 2. formal cause is the pattern or essence in conformity with which

these materials are assembled. 3. efficient cause is the agent or force immediately responsible

for bringing this matter and that form together in the production of the thing.

4. final cause is the end or purpose for which a thing exists.• believed that there is a purpose behind everything in nature• necessary elements in any adequate account of the

existenceand nature of the thing.• absence or modification of any one of them would result it the

existence of a thing of some different sort

Nature’s scaleNature’s scale • everything in the natural world can be divided into two main

categories 1. nonliving things 2. living things. • Living things - plants and other creatures. • Creatures - animal and humans. • All living things such as plants, animals and humans have the

ability to absorb nourishment, to grow and to propagate. • all animal and human have ability to perceive the world around

them and move about.• Human have extra ability to think and ability to categories and

classes. • in reality no sharp boundaries in the natural world.• At the top of scale is man. Man can absorbs nourishment,

felling, ability to move and ability to think rationally.• Plants are the lowest.

The Nature of SoulsThe Nature of Souls•Every animate being is a living thing which can move itself only because it has a soul.•On the Soul, offers interconnected explanations for the functions and operations of all living organisms. •All such beings - nutritive soul which initiates and guides their most basic functions, the absorption of food, growth, and reproduction of its kind. •All animals - sensitive soul by means of which they perceive features of their surroundings and move in response to the stimuli this provides. •Human beings - rational soul that permits representation and thought.•each living thing has just one soul, This soul is the formal, efficient, and final cause of the existence of the organism• all of the operations of the organism are to be explained in terms of the functions of its soul.

Higher TruthsHigher Truths

•The dynamic process of change.•A potentiality is either the passive capacity of a substance to be changed or •An actuality is just the realization of one of these potentialities•Becoming is the process in which the potentiality present in one individual substance is actualized through the agency of something else which is already actual. •The higher truths of what Aristotle called "theology“•every being is a composite whose form and matter have been brought together by some cause, and since there cannot be infinitely many such causes.•He concluded that everything that happens is ultimately attributable to a single universal cause, itself eternal and immutable.

The Goal of EthicsThe Goal of Ethics•What does it take for an individual human being to be a good person? •things of any variety have a characteristic function that they are properly used to perform. •a life in full conformity with their rational natureshighest good at which all human activity ultimately aims•This end of human life could be called happiness

Achieving Happiness•Pleasure is not a good in itself since it is by its nature incomplete.•Man can only achieve happiness by using all his ability and capabilities.• Life pleasure and enjoyment – Free and responsible citizen - life as thinker and philosopher. •All the three forms of happiness must be present at the same time for man to find happiness and fulfillment.

The Nature of VirtueThe Nature of Virtue•Strength of character(habit)•Involving both feeling and action•virtues is a state of being that naturally seeks its mean relative to us. • the virtuous habit of action is always an intermediate state between the opposed vices of excess and deficiency: too much and too little are always wrong; the right kind of action always lies in the mean. •rejects all form forms of imbalance.•application of this theory of virtue requires a great deal of flexibility •Avoid extremes of all sorts and seek moderation in all things.

The Nature of JusticeThe Nature of Justice• Justice is concerned with the equitability or fairness in

interpersonal relations.,

PoliticasPoliticas• a comprehensive examination of the origins and structure of

the state. • man is nature a “political animal”• Aristotle distinguished six kinds of social structure in three

pairs1. A state with only one ruler is either a monarchy or a tyrrany; 2. A state with several rulers is either an aristocracy or an

oligarchy; and 3. A state in which all rule is either a polity or a democracy.• Aristotle defended the mean rather than run the risk of either

extreme.

Human KnowledgeHuman Knowledge

•Sensation is the passive capacity for the soul to be changed through the contact of the associated body with external objects.

•Thought is the more active process of engaging in the manipulation of forms without any contact with external objects at all.

•Desire is the origin of movement toward some goal.

Men and womenMen and women

•women were incomplete in some way. •Woman is passive and receptive

•man is active and reproductive

Differences Differences

between between

PlatoPlato and and AristotleAristotle

VirtueVirtue

PlatoPlato Virtue mean the Virtue mean the

fulfillment of one’s fulfillment of one’s functionfunction

Highest form of Highest form of happiness is a life of happiness is a life of studystudy

to know the good was to know the good was sufficient to do the good, sufficient to do the good, without actually doing it without actually doing it

AristotleAristotle To have virtue so as t To have virtue so as t

achieve the ultimate goal-achieve the ultimate goal-happinesshappiness

Do everything in Do everything in moderation, not to be moderation, not to be excessive or to be excessive or to be deficientdeficient

make choices to be good make choices to be good and to habituate the acts and to habituate the acts of good to become virtueof good to become virtue

Form and SoulForm and SoulPlatoPlato Soul is based on ides Soul is based on ides Form is changeless and Form is changeless and

spacelessspaceless Soul 3 partsSoul 3 parts1.1. Reason Reason 2.2. SpiritSpirit3.3. AppetiteAppetite Body and soul are 2 Body and soul are 2

different entitiesdifferent entities Body is a prison for soulBody is a prison for soul

AristotleAristotle Soul is based on fuctionSoul is based on fuction Do changes and are full Do changes and are full

of motionof motion Soul 2 parts Soul 2 parts 1.1. RationalRational2.2. irrationalirrational Form and soul 2 different Form and soul 2 different

things. 1 is matter, 1 is things. 1 is matter, 1 is form.form.

The matter or form The matter or form coexist and cannot have coexist and cannot have 1 without the other1 without the other

Men and womenMen and women

PlatoPlato

Women have same Women have same power as man power as man

Women can govern Women can govern as effectively as menas effectively as men

AristotleAristotle

Men is natural Men is natural political animal political animal

Women passive and Women passive and receive, men active receive, men active and productiveand productive

True KnowledgeTrue Knowledge and and EthicsEthics

PlatoPlato Knowledge as Knowledge as

“remembering” “remembering” based on his belief based on his belief

that all human have that all human have the innate truththe innate truth

Knowledge is Knowledge is constant, unchanged constant, unchanged like Math like Math

AristotleAristotle Knowledge as “ Knowledge as “

discovering”discovering” using scientific

method and formal logic to seek the truth

to be changed through the contact of the associated body with external objects.

Politics and governmentPolitics and governmentPlatoPlato Political philosopherPolitical philosopher Perfect society, blueprint for Perfect society, blueprint for

a Utopian society a Utopian society "philosopher-king" idea to "philosopher-king" idea to

be the ideal governmentbe the ideal government Virtue society is analog to Virtue society is analog to

the virtue of a moral personthe virtue of a moral person Three class of people Three class of people

(craftsmen, guardian and (craftsmen, guardian and rulers)rulers)

Pursuit of philosophical truthPursuit of philosophical truth To built a better of life of To built a better of life of

their societies their societies

AristotleAristotle Political scientistPolitical scientist Not concerned with Not concerned with

perfecting society perfecting society Utopia is a solution in Utopia is a solution in

abstract, no solid, no abstract, no solid, no concrete problemconcrete problem

No human being could fulfill No human being could fulfill its requirementsits requirements

Aristocracy is the best form Aristocracy is the best form of government of government

A high value on moderationA high value on moderation Citizenship and institutionalCitizenship and institutional

JusticeJustice

PlatoPlato Exists in an objective Exists in an objective

sensessenses

AristotleAristotle Exists in an objective Exists in an objective

sensessenses Justice is concerned

with the equitability or fairness in interpersonal relations.,