From p. 109, questions 1 and 2 (all

parts)

The reading was from pp. The reading was from pp. 106-09.106-09.

1a. Peloponnesus1a. Peloponnesus

That big hunk of land attached to the That big hunk of land attached to the Greek mainland via a thin isthmus.Greek mainland via a thin isthmus.

South of Attica’s Athens.South of Attica’s Athens. Home of Spartan culture.Home of Spartan culture.

1b. Solon1b. Solon Reformer of Athenian government; elected Reformer of Athenian government; elected

“Archon” (chief official) in 594 B.C.“Archon” (chief official) in 594 B.C. Aristocracy (rule by a very few, elite, Aristocracy (rule by a very few, elite,

extremely wealthy landowners) developed extremely wealthy landowners) developed over time into oligarchy (rule is spread across over time into oligarchy (rule is spread across more classes, particularly landowning more classes, particularly landowning businessmen).businessmen).

These shifts in the demographic leadership of These shifts in the demographic leadership of the Greek city-states came to be called the Greek city-states came to be called democracy as more reforms gave greater democracy as more reforms gave greater access to political power, influence, and access to political power, influence, and control to more people.control to more people.

1b. MORE Solon1b. MORE Solon

His reforms included:His reforms included:– Outlawing debt slavery (freeing those Outlawing debt slavery (freeing those

already sold into debt slavery);already sold into debt slavery);– Opening high governmental offices to Opening high governmental offices to

more citizens;more citizens;– Granting citizenship to some foreigners;Granting citizenship to some foreigners;– Giving Athenian assembly greater Giving Athenian assembly greater

authority in important decisions;authority in important decisions;– Encouraging the export of olive oil and Encouraging the export of olive oil and

wine in order to help farmers and wine in order to help farmers and merchants.merchants.

1c. Cleisthenes1c. Cleisthenes Came to rule in 507 B.C. as another reformer Came to rule in 507 B.C. as another reformer

after Pisistratus (546 B.C.).after Pisistratus (546 B.C.). Set up the Council of 500 to extend more political Set up the Council of 500 to extend more political

access to more of the ordinary citizenry.access to more of the ordinary citizenry. Council of 500 prepared laws for the assembly Council of 500 prepared laws for the assembly

and oversaw the day-to-day operations of and oversaw the day-to-day operations of government.government.

Developed the assembly into a true legislature Developed the assembly into a true legislature where laws were first proposed and debated where laws were first proposed and debated before passage and enactment.before passage and enactment.

ALL MALE CITIZENS over the age of 30 were ALL MALE CITIZENS over the age of 30 were assembly members!!!assembly members!!!

1d. Zeus1d. Zeus

Most powerful Olympian god in Most powerful Olympian god in polytheistic religion of the Greeks.polytheistic religion of the Greeks.

Presided over the other gods and the Presided over the other gods and the affairs of Man.affairs of Man.

Zeus was anthropomorphic: Man Zeus was anthropomorphic: Man made Zeus in Man’s image.made Zeus in Man’s image.

2a. polis2a. polis

That which the ancient Greeks called That which the ancient Greeks called their individual city-state.their individual city-state.

Made up of four parts: acropolis, Made up of four parts: acropolis, agora, gymnasium, amphitheater.agora, gymnasium, amphitheater.

Smaller population concentrated in Smaller population concentrated in geographically confined area meant geographically confined area meant that citizens shared directly in that citizens shared directly in political debate and in the results of political debate and in the results of military campaigns.military campaigns.

2b. acropolis2b. acropolis

The geographically elevated spot of The geographically elevated spot of land where the ancient Greeks built a land where the ancient Greeks built a temple to their “hometown” god or temple to their “hometown” god or goddess. goddess.

Highest and most fortified area of a Highest and most fortified area of a Greek city-state.Greek city-state.

2c. Monarchy2c. Monarchy

Earliest Greek leadership took the form Earliest Greek leadership took the form of kings or queens exercising complete of kings or queens exercising complete authority over the civilization. authority over the civilization.

Monarchs were the military defenders Monarchs were the military defenders of the city-state because they alone of the city-state because they alone could afford the advanced metal could afford the advanced metal weaponry of the day.weaponry of the day.

Ruled generally from 750 B.C. to 500 Ruled generally from 750 B.C. to 500 B.C.B.C.

2d. And 2e.2d. And 2e.

Were answered under 1b.Were answered under 1b.

2f. phalanx2f. phalanx

A massive formation of heavily armed A massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.foot soldiers.

Hours of drill reinforced a closely-knit Hours of drill reinforced a closely-knit camaraderie among the soldiers.camaraderie among the soldiers.

Characteristics of this battle technique Characteristics of this battle technique were reflective of democratic nature were reflective of democratic nature of Greek civilization. Am I right?of Greek civilization. Am I right?

Ordinary citizens paid for their own Ordinary citizens paid for their own iron (cheap) helmet, spear, and shield. iron (cheap) helmet, spear, and shield. Opa!Opa!

2g. helot2g. helot

State-owned slaves in ancient Sparta.State-owned slaves in ancient Sparta. These people HAD been the freely living These people HAD been the freely living

occupiers of the peloponnesus until the occupiers of the peloponnesus until the Dorians conquered them. Dorians came Dorians conquered them. Dorians came to be known as Spartans.to be known as Spartans.

Helots had to work the land under the Helots had to work the land under the severe, harsh rule of the Spartans. The severe, harsh rule of the Spartans. The rule had to be harsh because the helots rule had to be harsh because the helots greatly out-numbered the Spartans.greatly out-numbered the Spartans.

2h. democracy2h. democracy

Government in which the people hold Government in which the people hold the power.the power.

Ancient Greeks were the first Ancient Greeks were the first civilization to expand the power, civilization to expand the power, influence, and control of the political influence, and control of the political body to more and more people.body to more and more people.

Trivia: Trivia:

Was it one of the Founding Fathers Was it one of the Founding Fathers who said that our government was “of who said that our government was “of the people, for the people, and by the the people, for the people, and by the people”? people”?

Or, is that phrase found in one of our Or, is that phrase found in one of our nations founding documents?nations founding documents?

I bring this up because people who I bring this up because people who are educated beyond their are educated beyond their intelligence oftentimes mis-apply this intelligence oftentimes mis-apply this quote.quote.

Still don’t know???Still don’t know???

Try President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Try President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. The words are etched into the Address. The words are etched into the interior walls of the Lincoln Memorial.interior walls of the Lincoln Memorial.

Nearly eighty years after the Nearly eighty years after the Constitution’s ratification, Lincoln Constitution’s ratification, Lincoln redefined the extent of the democratic redefined the extent of the democratic institutions of the Great Republic. institutions of the Great Republic.

You see, the states came first.You see, the states came first.

1i. Tyrant1i. Tyrant A ruler who assumes all powers of leadership A ruler who assumes all powers of leadership

without outside influence upon his control. without outside influence upon his control. In ancient Greece, tyrants were generally In ancient Greece, tyrants were generally

benevolent because they had risen up out from and benevolent because they had risen up out from and among the people.among the people.

Virginia’s state flag has a Latin phrase on it: Sic Virginia’s state flag has a Latin phrase on it: Sic Semper Tyrannis.Semper Tyrannis.

Without always tyranny, literally.Without always tyranny, literally. I would think that Jefferson is rolling over in his I would think that Jefferson is rolling over in his

grave to see the extent to which Americans have grave to see the extent to which Americans have allowed for the centralization of all power in the allowed for the centralization of all power in the hands of the few.hands of the few.

I’m sorry; did I type that aloud? I’m sorry; did I type that aloud?

1j. legislature1j. legislature

The law-making body, or branch, of a The law-making body, or branch, of a government.government.

Typically consists of the greatest Typically consists of the greatest number of citizens possible to number of citizens possible to propose, debate, and enact laws.propose, debate, and enact laws.

From Latin, lex, legis for “law.” From Latin, lex, legis for “law.” Oddly enough.Oddly enough.