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please study them...ok
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Concern about the origin or source of our knowledge
criteria for truth
The EMPERICISM philosophical doctrine which claims that human knowledge comes from sense experience
our knowledge is A Posteriori knowledge is acquired / learned thru experience
denies innate ideas, claims anything is knowable a posteriori
John LockeHuman mind is in the state
of TABULA RASA (blank tablet) upon birth
Nihil in intellectu nisi prisi in sensu
Critique senses can fail; wrong perception
The RATIONALIST philosophical doctrine which claims that ideas are formed through reason alone
gives knowledge as A Priori knowledge is acquired or gained independent of the sense experience
intuition & deduction provide us with knowledge
Critique
A proposition can give us an intellectual insight, can warrant an accepted truth
guilty of hallucination ambiguity of language problem of the senses
The SKEPTICISM philosophical doctrine which doubt on the knowledge of things
we don’t have “certain” knowledge of the external world based on our sense experience or intuitive knowledge based on deduction
Rene Descartes“Cogito Ergo Sum”doubt makes you think
we will never arrived at any certain truth – we can ONLY have ideas through their association
we can only have sense perception perceive things through their association no absolute truth
Critique
Refers to the criterion/a or the basis for affirming the veracity of something
What is truth?
stems from a belief in constancy within the universe a constant to which we refer for guidance
How do we test for constancy, test for truth?
Correspondence Theory
popularized by Plato and English Philosopher Bertrand Russell
Plato proposed a theory based on intuitive recognition that true knowledge corresponds to the facts; agrees with the reality & false knowledge is the other way around
want to distinguish true beliefs from the false one
Correspondence Theory
The most common & widespread way of understanding the nature of truth & falsehood
An idea which corresponds to reality is true while that which do not corresponds to reality is false
philosophical theory which claims that truth exist if there is an agreement or conformity b/w what is in the mind with what is in reality truth is whatever corresponds to reality
e.g the idea of winged horse is true if Pegasus indeed exist
Correspondence Theory
Critique
problem in history
later found to be unsatisfactory by both Plato & Russell
unsatisfactory because it wont allow false belief
a belief is false because it there is no fact to which it corresponds; would be a belief on nothing; ergo not a belief at all
Pragmatic Theory
a philosophical theory of truth popularized by American philosopher William James Charles Sanders Peirce coined the term pragmatism influenced American culture
philosophical theory which claims that an idea is good when it produces the desired results
practicality is the most simple application this theory
Pragmatic Theory
Theories & ideas are to be considered good or truthful must be tested first for their desirability & undesirability
anything that is workable or feasible must be true, if failure occurred the criterion is rejected
philosophical theory which claims that whatever works must be the truth
For James, Knowledge is true when it serves the right purpose
Pragmatic Theory
truth is something which can be verified or at least verifiable by experienced personal experience is the basis for true knowledge
according to James the existence of God is partly verifiable because many people derive benefits from believing
How about the idea of GOD?
Pragmatic Theory
Critique
there is always exception to the rule what is true with you may be false with others the refusal for the belief on absolute results problems on the concept of justice
truth is something which can be verified or at least verifiable by experienced personal experience is the basis for true knowledge
Coherence Theory
philosophical theory of truth popularized by both Hegel and Spinoza
a set of beliefs is true if such beliefs are comprehensive and do not contradict each other
The most reliable and most acceptable criteria and theory on truth
Coherence Theory
philosophical theory which holds that every bit of knowledge is consistent and harmonious with all other knowledge
As long as we have total knowledge available before performing any test, then coherence is the strongest of all criteria
philosophical system in which all facts of experience are integrated; requires that related facts be positioned appropriately & that nothing ultimately contradicts anything else
used in many scientific researches
Thank you folks…till next meeting!