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The one about Immanuel Kant Group members:

Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

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Emmanuel Kant

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Page 1: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

The one about Immanuel Kant

Group members:

Page 2: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

Biography of Immanuel Kant A German philosopher. Born in 22nd April 1724 and died on 12th February

1804. Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe during the

Enlightenment beginning with thinkers John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

First philosopher to have thought philosophy at a university; a professor of philosophy.

Kant had a firm foundation on past philosophical studies. He was an expert both with rationalism of Descartes and Spinoza, plus the empiricism of Berkeley and Hume.

Kant's most original contribution to philosophy is his "Copernican Revolution” as he puts it, it is the representation that makes the object possible rather than the object that makes the representation possible.

Page 3: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

Kant was influenced by Hume Beginning with his "Inaugural Dissertation" (1770), Kant patiently

worked out the most comprehensive and influential philosophical idea of the modern era. His central thesis was that the possibility of human knowledge presupposes the active participation of the human mind is deceptively simple, but the details of its application are notoriously complex.

Kant, influenced by the works of David Hume, held that we could only know what we experience, what he called the phenomenal, and that we could never know that which is beyond experience. In doing so, Kant ruled out the possibility of our demonstrable knowledge of God, without ruling out the existence of God. But he also argued for an absolute morality based on free will and rationality, referred to as the "Categorical Imperative.“

Kant’s biggest contribution: Copernican Revolution, Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism and Kantianism.

Page 4: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

das Ding an sich A philosophical term often used by Immanuel Kant, among others,

roughly translated as 'the thing as such' or 'the thing in itself'. With that, Kant meant an existence that is independent, not connected to

the understanding of man. Das Ding an Sich is the world by itself, before it is adjusted to fit the

requirements of reason. According to Kant, the only fact we can know about das Ding an sich is

that such things do exist. Since everything we perceive is affected by our ideas about

understanding and reason, das Ding an sich is of course entirely beyond our grasp.

Thus, declared Kant, we should not waste our time wondering about what things are really like, since we can never get accurate, untainted information about things as they truly are.

Kant was content to concentrate on the appearances of things - otherwise, we could never get any information at all, since everything we think we know about things as such is already tainted by our perception.

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Time and space Kant thought that the rationalists and empiricists were

partly right but also partly wrong, and that they went too far in their own respective claims.

He looks at the world in both senses and reasoning. Kant agreed that all of our knowledge of the world comes

from our sensations, but he also agrees that reasoning plays an important role to how we perceive the world around us.

For example, if you put on a red glass, you would see everything in red. But it does not mean everything is in red.

This is when Kant perceived the phenomena called ‘Time and Space’.

According to Kant, Time and Space are our “two forms of intuition” and it is innate. Time and Space belongs to the human mind.

Everything we experience in this world is a process of time and space.

The mind does not just receive sensations from the outside world, but it also leaves its imprints on the way we apprehend on the world.

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• You could compare it when you pour water into a glass pitcher. The water adapts itself to the pitcher’s form. In the same way, our perceptions adapt themselves to our “forms of intuition”.• Kant also claimed that it is not only the mind that conforms to things. Things also conforms to the mind. Kant called it the Copernican Revolution in the problem of human knowledge. By that he meant that it was just as new and just as radically different from former thinking as when Copernicus claimed that the earth revolved around the sun and not vice versa.• He could think that the rationalists and empiricists were right up to a point. Even the law of causality -- which Hume believed man could not experience--belongs to the mind, according to Kant.• Hume claimed that it was only force of habit that made us see a causal link behind all natural processes. According to Hume, we cannot perceive the black billiard ball as being the cause of the white ball’s movement. Therefore, we cannot prove that the black billiard ball will always set the white one in motion.• The law of causality is eternal and absolutely simple because human reason perceives everything that happens as a matter of cause and effect.• Kant’s philosophy stated that it is inherent to us. He agreed with Hume that we cannot know with certainty what the world is like “in itself”. We can only know what the world is like “for me”-- or for everybody. Which brings him to his greatest contribution to the world.

Page 7: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

Kant’s thoughts on faith

He rejected both these proofs of the existence of God. Neither reason nor experience is any certain basis for claiming the

existence of God. As it is unlikely that God exis.ts

Preserving the basis for Christian faith

• He opened up a religious dimension.• When both reason and experience fall short, there is a hole that is filled by faith.• Kant was a Protestant.

Page 8: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

Kant believed that it is essential for morality to presuppose that;-• Man has an immortal soul• God exists• Man has a free will

Kant is also a person that is very critical of everything we are able to understand.

For example : There are times when he smuggles God in it by the back door.

Kant emphasizes most particularly that it is not reason which brought him to this point but faith. He himself called faith;-• in an immortal soul• God’s existence• in a man’s free will “practical postulates”

Page 9: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

What is postulate?

Something is to assume something cannot be proved. By “practical postulate”, Kant meant something that had to be assumed for the sake of “praxis”, or practice; that is to say, for man’s morality.

Kant also mention that it is a moral necessity to assume the existence of God.

Page 10: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

Ethics Also known as “Moral Philosophy” Questions about morality, concepts such as

◦ Good and Evil

◦ Right and Wrong

◦ Virtue and Vice

◦ Justice and Injustice, etc

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Branches of Ethics Meta Ethics

◦ Theoretical meaning

◦ Reference of moral proposition

◦ How truth values may be determined Normative Ethics

◦ About the practical means of determining a moral course of action

Page 12: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

Branches of Ethics Applied Ethics

◦ About how moral outcomes can be achieved in specific situations Moral Psychology

◦ About how moral capacity or moral agency develop and what nature is

Descriptive Ethics

◦ About what moral values people actually abide by

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Immanuel Kant: Theory of Ethics Considered deontological for several different reasons

◦  Kant argues that to act in the morally right way, people must act from duty (deon).

◦ Kant argued that it was not the consequences of actions that make them right or wrong but the motives of the person who carries out the action.

Page 14: Immanuel Kant,Sophie's world book

Immanuel Kant: Theory of Ethics Kant's argument that to act in the morally right way, one must act

from duty, begins with an argument that the highest good must be both good in itself, and good without qualification.

Something is 'good in itself' when it is intrinsically good, and 'good without qualification' when the addition of that thing never makes a situation ethically worse. Kant then argues that those things that are usually thought to be good, such as intelligence, perseverance and pleasure, fail to be either intrinsically good or good without qualification.

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CONCLUSION

Kant succeeded in showing the way out of the impasse that philosophy had reached in the struggle between rationalism and empiricism. With Kant, an era in the history of philosophy is therefore at an end. He died in 1804,when the cultural epoch we call Romanticism was in the ascendant .

One of his most quoted sayings is carved on his gravestones in Konigsberg.”Two things fill my mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe , the more often and the more intensely the reflection dwells on them : the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me”

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Kant also believed that we had no freedom if we lived only as creatures of the senses but if we obey universal reason we are free and independent.