CENTRAL ASIAAMDG

World History 1

Mr. Maguire

INDUS CIVILIZATIONS (2500-1500 BCE)

Early Indus Civilizations India’s first civilization “Harrappan” named after famous cite Non-militaristic peoples lacked weapons to defend

themselves Harrappan Society and Culture

Religion- early artifacts of the god Shiva Agriculture- small villages w/ irrigation, domesticated water

buffalo Economy- Bronze Age craftsmen and traders

Impact on Indian Civilization Fig Tree Yoga Practices Ritualized Bathing

INDO-ARYAN CIVILIZATIONS (1500-500 BCE)

The Vedic Age(1500-500 BCE) Indo-Aryans (Europeans) seeking new homes Vedas- historical accounts, memorized, written later

Brahmanas- “Forest Books” about nature/sacrifice Upanishads- books on nature of reality

Political Organization Warrior assemblies (raja)- ↑ land = ↑ bureaucracy Extended Family- patriarchal, eldest male held the power Autonomous Village- small farming villages, pillar of Indian

society Caste System- meant to preserve racial Indo-Aryan

identity

CASTE SYSTEM

Originally created by Indo-Aryans for race identity Multi-level system (Varna)

Priests (brahmins) Rulers and warriors (kshatriyas) Artisans, merchants, and agriculturalists (vaishyas) Servants and slaves (sudras) Impure tradesmen (untouchables)

Hereditary system, forbids intermarriage/interaction Dharma- tells responsibilities/obligations to

gods/humans based upon caste 2 positives: social stability & economic security

HINDUISM

Hinduism- traditional Indian beliefs/values + revisions = social structure

Failed to create one main liturgy, writing, authority Accepts/assimilates all religions- mono / poly All deities manifest from Brahma (World Soul)

Brahma (creator), Vishnu (protector), Shiva (destroyer) Popular folk cults, deities, practices Freedom to believe and worship, inspires loyalty

Validates Vedas (histories), social systems (caste) Non-violence, reincarnation, karma, holy laws to

live by

BUDDHISM

Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) Enlightenment (nirvana) Buddha (Enlightened One) Middle Way between hedonism and asceticism Reincarnation (samsara), release (moshka), & non-

violence (ahimsa) Rejected caste system, World Soul = UNEQUAL! Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path guide how to live No concepts/institutions left by Buddha Split into Theravada and Mahayana Spread to China, Korea, Japan, & Vietnam

THE MAURYAN EMPIRE 322-184 BCE

The Rise of the Magadha 545-322 BCE Military kingdom of Magadha dominated N. India Used Persian model of govt., powerful army/economy

Chandragupta Maurya 322-298 BCE led rebels forces against the Magadha in 322 BCE Most powerful ruler in India, unites N. India Fights and beats Seleucus (Macedonian general) Kautilya- chief minister, politician, ruthless, BRUTAL

Ashoka the Buddhist Emperor 269-232 BCE Extended empire into Deccan (South), Kalinga (East) Sorry for expansionist ways, converted to Buddhism,

SPREAD “Conquest by morality” > military imperialism Ease of later rulers = COLLAPSE

THE GUPTA EMPIRE 320-535 CE Cultural Impact on India = Rome to the West Rise of the Guptas

Ganges River valley Success in military and marriage- Samudragupta (335-75

CE) As Rome fell, the Gupta Empire enjoyed a Golden Age

Downfall Invasion of Huns, weak rulers, rebellious vassals, and

internal struggle for the throne Gupta Feudalism

Allowed conquered rulers to remain on their thrones as vassals

Politically/economically efficient Classical Indian Culture

Poetry, drama, and fiction flourished; Mahabharata Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism flourished

THE MONGOLIAN EMPIREAMDG

World History 1

Mr. Maguire

CENTRAL EURASIAN PASTORAL NOMADS

Mongolian Society Depend on herds for food supply, clothes, shelter Horse central to their lives Seasonal changes in rainfall and temperature Patriarchal clans and tribes Urdos- big groups of nomadic clans Khan- leader (king) of the Urdos

Nomadic military Cavalry Mounted Archers Flee and fight tactics

THE MONGOLIAN EMPIRE 1206-1368

Rise of Genghis Khan 1167-1206 Temuchin orphaned as a young boy Success = more followers = more success By 1206, united the entire central steppe, became Khan

Conquests 1206-1234 China (1211-1234) Shahs of Iran (1218-1224) Millions died, carnage, devastation When Genghis dies, empire split 4 ways to sons

Pax Mongolica Mongols guarantee safe passage for trade caravans,

travelers, missionaries

EMPIRE SPLITS INTO FOUR

Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia/China) Kublai Khan, grandson, defeated/unified China (Yuan

Dynasty) Adopts Chinese culture into his court Conquers Korea, defeated at Japan

The Ilkhan Khanate (Persia) Captured and sacked Baghdad, adopted Islam

The Chagatai Horde (Central Asia) Unsuccessful and obscure, failed to spread

Europe and the Golden Horde (Russia) Longest lasting of the Mongol successor states Reached into Central Europe Internal strife + advancing Russians = END

YUAN DYNASTY (1279-1368)

Mongol Conquest of China 1211-79 Conflict between Jin Dynasty and Mongols After fall of Jin, conquered Southern Song

Kublai Khan 1260-94 Genghis’ grandson, greatest leader of the Yuan Re-unified China, conquered Korea, Vietnam, & Burma Disastrous naval expeditions in Japan (1274 & 1281)

Fall of the Yuan Mongols never accepted by Chinese Mongol caste system unfair (Mongols, allies, THEN

Chinese) Buddhist rebellion overthrows Mongols in 1368