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An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
If the Enlightenment was characterized by hope and optimism, why would it be accurate to characterize the late 19th and early 20th centuries as pessimistic, or fatalistic?
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences
The “Certainty” of Science Universe made up of atoms that acted mechanically
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie Radiation Atoms & subatomic particles Randomness of physics
Max Planck Energy radiated discontinuously Small bursts called “quanta”
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Albert EinsteinEinstein’s Theory of Relativ ity :
- It overthrew Newton’s notions of absolute space and time by stating that distance and time depend on the observer, and that time and space are perceived differently, depending on the observer.
- It yields the equivalence of matter and energy, as expressed in the famous equation E=mc2, where c is the speed of light.
1879 - 1955
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914Friedrich Nietzsche
- Western ideas like reason, democracy, and progress have stifled our creativity and actions.
- We should return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength.
- Nietzsche quote: “God is Dead.” -Superman: superior individuals are above
society; able to create own values; lead others.
- Nihilism: - a philosophical position which argues that the world is
without objective meaning, purpose, truth, or value. - Nihilists generally believe there is no reasonable proof
of the existence of a higher ruler or creator, a "true morality" is unknown, and secular ethics are impossible;
- therefore, life has no truth
1844 - 1900
Friedrich Nietzsche
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Sigmund Freud
- Much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason. It is best understood as changing objects of sexual desire.
- Wishes are repressed and emerge from the subconscious in “accidental” bursts – Freudian slips.
- Neuroses are caused by repressed memories and unconscious conflicts.
1856 - 1939
Id – raw, natural urgesId – raw, natural urges
Ego – sense of reality & propriety (represses Id)Ego – sense of reality & propriety (represses Id)
Superego – moral values, community inhibitionsSuperego – moral values, community inhibitions
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism
Social Darwinism Societies are organisms that evolve Herbert Spencer
Nationalism and Racism Ideas of competition, superiority & social
Darwinism combine to create “issue” The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century,
1890 German volk & Aryans… this sounds like trouble!
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Attack on Christianity
Challenges to Established Churches Scientific thinking Darwinism Modernization – question historical accuracy of Bible New political movements Anticlericalism
Response of the Churches Rejection: Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors Adaptation through the ideas of Modernism Compromise of Pope Leo XIII
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Naturalism & Symbolism in Literature Naturalism – realism without the “happy”
Émile Zola (1840 – 1902) Rougon-Macquart
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821 – 1881) Crime and Punishment The Brothers Karamazov
Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) War and Peace
Lengthy (try 1,296 pages!) set against the back-drop of Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia
Symbolism Objective knowledge of the world was impossible Art should function for its own sake
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Photography was gaining popularity, and as cameras became more portable, photographs became more candid. Photography inspired impressionists to capture the moment, not only in the fleeting lights of a landscape, but in the day-to-day lives of people.
Impressionism
Characteristics of impressionist painting include visible brushstrokes, light colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
At the Races (1877 – 1880) – Edgar Degas
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Soleil couchant à Ivry (Sunset at Ivry). 1873. Armand Guillaumin
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Le Bal au Moulin de la Galette). (1876.) Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Claude Monet Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) (1872/1873)
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914Claude Monet - Waterlilies, Green Reflection, Left Part 1916-1923
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
New Directions in Art and Individual Expression
Post - Impressionism
Post-Impressionists kept the emphasis on light and color but paid much more attention to structure and form.
Post-Impressionists used color and lines to express inner feelings, or a personal statement of reality rather than pure imitation of reality.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Paul Cezanne, Boy in a Red Vest, 1888 - 1890
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Vincent van GoghSelf-Portrait, 1886
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Van Gogh – 1889, The Starry Night
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
- Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is seen from multiple views.
- The positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled.
- In cubist art objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. Woman with a guitar by
Georges Braque, 1913
New Directions in Art and Individual Expression
Cubism
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
- Western culture believed that there was a past, an event in the present, and a future, like a time line.
- Cubists believed that time was best represented as a cube.
-an event was in the center of a cube-two sides were the event's past and future-two more sides were one specific person's past and future as related to that event-The remaining sides were what connected all of these pasts and futures together.
- These connections were what cubist painters and artists strove to capture in their paintings.
event
past
future
past
future
connection
connection
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914Woman in an Armchair (1913)
by Pablo Picasso Still-life with Fruit-dish on a Table
(1914-15) by Pablo Picasso
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of Women The question of divorce New Professions
Florence Nightingale Clara Barton
Growing demands of suffragettes Peace movements
Bertha von Suttner & Austrian Peace Society
The “New Woman” Renounced traditional female roles Maria Montessori
Began the system of Montessori schools
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914Women’s Social & Political Women’s Social & Political
Union Union [W.S.P.U.][W.S.P.U.]
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Emmeline PankhurstEmmeline Pankhurst* Her husband & children were all involved in the suffrage Her husband & children were all involved in the suffrage
movement.movement.* Use publicity to bring light to the cause!Use publicity to bring light to the cause!
* They became militants & were arrested and imprisoned.They became militants & were arrested and imprisoned.
* 1917: She and her daughter, Christabel, 1917: She and her daughter, Christabel, formed the formed the Women’s Party Women’s Party in 1917:in 1917:
Equal pay for equal work.Equal pay for equal work.
Equal marriage & divorceEqual marriage & divorcelaws.laws.
Equality of rights & Equality of rights & opportunities in public service.opportunities in public service.
A national system of maternity benefits.A national system of maternity benefits.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Jews in the European Nation-State Anti-Semitism returns to Europe
Austria & Germany Anti-Semitism & Nationalism Combine socialism & anti-Semitism
Persecution in Eastern Europe Pogroms
Emigration
The Zionist Movement The Jewish State -1896 Zionism
Palestine
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Dreyfus AffairThe Dreyfus Affair* In 1894 a list of French military documents were found In 1894 a list of French military documents were found
in the waste basket of the German Embassy in Paris.in the waste basket of the German Embassy in Paris.
* French counter-intelligence suspected French counter-intelligence suspected Captain Alfred Dreyfus,Captain Alfred Dreyfus, from a wealthy Alsatian Jewish from a wealthy Alsatian Jewish family family he was one of the few he was one of the few Jews on the General Staff.Jews on the General Staff.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Captain Alfred Dreyfus in military uniform.
Dreyfus disgraced in a public ceremony.
The Dreyfus Affair: 1894
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Dreyfus AffairThe Dreyfus Affair* Dreyfus was tried, convicted of treason, and sent to Dreyfus was tried, convicted of treason, and sent to
Devil’s Island off French Guiana.Devil’s Island off French Guiana.
* The real culprit was a Major EsterhazyThe real culprit was a Major Esterhazy* The government tried him and found him not guilty in The government tried him and found him not guilty in
two days.two days.
* Wealthy Catholic family - ????Wealthy Catholic family - ????
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
* A famous author, A famous author, Emile ZolaEmile Zola, , published an open letter called published an open letter called J’Accuse!J’Accuse!
He accused the army of a He accused the army of a mistrial and cover-up.mistrial and cover-up.
The government prosecuted him The government prosecuted him for libel.for libel.
Found him guilty Found him guilty sentenced sentenced to a year in prison.to a year in prison.
The Dreyfus AffairThe Dreyfus Affair
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914The Dreyfus AffairThe Dreyfus Affair
DreyfusardsAnti -
Dreyfusards
* Public opinion was divided - reflected the divisions in FrancePublic opinion was divided - reflected the divisions in France
* The The DreyfusardsDreyfusards were anti-clericals, intellectuals, free masons, were anti-clericals, intellectuals, free masons, & socialists.& socialists.
* For For Anti-DreyfusardsAnti-Dreyfusards,, the honor of the army was more the honor of the army was more important than Dreyfus’ guilt or innocence.important than Dreyfus’ guilt or innocence.
Were army supporters, monarchists, & Catholics.Were army supporters, monarchists, & Catholics.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Dreyfus AffairThe Dreyfus Affair
* Dreyfus finally got a new trial in 1899.Dreyfus finally got a new trial in 1899.
* He was brought back from Devil’s Island He was brought back from Devil’s Island white-white-haired and brokenhaired and broken..
* ResultsResults:: Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating circumstances.Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating circumstances.
Was given a presidential pardon.Was given a presidential pardon.
Exonerated completely in 1906.Exonerated completely in 1906.
Served honorably in World War I.Served honorably in World War I.
Died in 1935.Died in 1935.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Zionist MovementThe Zionist Movement
Theodore Herzl[1860-1904]
Was motivated by the Dreyfus trial to write the book, Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.
Creates the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland.
“Father of Modern Zionism.”
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
England’s Economic Decline?England’s Economic Decline?(1870s-1914)(1870s-1914)
Germany & the U. S. became England’s economic rivals.Germany & the U. S. became England’s economic rivals. Germany & U. S. overtake Britain in basic iron & steel production.Germany & U. S. overtake Britain in basic iron & steel production. England’s share of world trade fell from 23% in 1876 to 15% in 1913.England’s share of world trade fell from 23% in 1876 to 15% in 1913. British science & technological education lagged behind Germany.British science & technological education lagged behind Germany.
Influx of cheap agricultural products from overseas caused a Influx of cheap agricultural products from overseas caused a rapid decline in British farming.rapid decline in British farming.
England is slow to modernize her aging infrastructure.England is slow to modernize her aging infrastructure.
England clings to free trade while everyone else is erecting England clings to free trade while everyone else is erecting tariff wallstariff walls..
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain
Working Class Demands Caused “classic” Liberals to move away from ideals Liberals need to ensure voting blocks
Trade Unions Advocate “collective ownership” and other controls Desired more “socialism” from government Minimum wage & benefits
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Fabian Social istsFabian Social ists
A British socialist intellectual A British socialist intellectual movement founded in the movement founded in the mid-1880s.mid-1880s.
PurposePurpose advance advance socialism socialism by by working through the political working through the political system, not through revolution.system, not through revolution.
Laid the foundations for the Laid the foundations for the British Labour Party.British Labour Party.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Brit ish Labour PartyThe Brit ish Labour Party Founded in 1900 by the Scotsman, Founded in 1900 by the Scotsman,
Keir HardieKeir Hardie..– The growth of labor unions gave The growth of labor unions gave
voice to socialism in Britain.voice to socialism in Britain.
– By 1906, it won 26 seats in By 1906, it won 26 seats in
Commons.Commons.
– Had to form a political coalition with the Had to form a political coalition with the Liberal Party.Liberal Party.
– By the 1920s, Labour would replace the By the 1920s, Labour would replace the Liberals as one of the two major British Liberals as one of the two major British political parties.political parties.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Beginnings of the “Welfare The Beginnings of the “Welfare State”?State”? Labour’s Political AgendaLabour’s Political Agenda::
– Gradual socialization of key industries & utilities.Gradual socialization of key industries & utilities.
– Workman’s Compensation Act.Workman’s Compensation Act.
– State employment bureaus.State employment bureaus.
– Minimum wage set.Minimum wage set.
– Aid to dependent children & the elderly.Aid to dependent children & the elderly.
– Old age pension to all over 70.Old age pension to all over 70.
– National Insurance Act.National Insurance Act.
How to pay for all of this??
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain
David Lloyd George Abandons laissez-faire
Backs social reform measures
National Insurance Act, 1911
Beginnings of the welfare state
Taxation on wealthy to pay!
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Transformation of Liberalism: Italy
Italy Giovanni Giolitti
Corrupt coalitions Universal male suffrage Social Welfare reform Stoked Nationalism
Transformismo the method of creating a flexible, centrist
coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after unification.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Growing Tensions in Germany William II (1888-1918)
Unstable and aggressive
Military and industrial power Rift between urban and rural
Tradition and modernization
Growth of Social Democrats Growth scared middle and upper class
Radical Parties Strong nationalists Pan-German League
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Nationalities
Parliamentary agitation for autonomy of nationalities Led to Prime Ministers ignoring Parliaments
Rule by emergency decrees
Growth of virulent German nationalism Backlash to minority nationalism
Magyar agitation for complete separation of Hungary from Austria Emperor’s response…
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel Trans-Siberian Railroad Increased foreign investment Development of working class & socialist parties
The Revolution of 1905 Loss in Russo-Japanese War - 1905 “Bloody Sunday,” January 9, 1905 General strike, October 1905 Nicholas II granted October Manifesto
Civil Liberties the Duma
Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Bloody SundayBloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905January 22, 1905
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
Father Georgi Gapon
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Opening of the Duma:Possible Reforms?
1906 The first two tries were too
radical.
The third duma was elected by the richest people in Russia in 1907.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
The Russian Constitution of 1906The Russian Constitution of 1906
Known as the Fundamental Laws
The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.
The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.
It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
International Rivalry and the Coming of War
The Bismarckian System Decline of Ottoman Power in the Balkans
Three Emperors League
Congress of Berlin – Controlled by Germany Took Russian land in Hungary Gave Austria control over parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina
New Alliances Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887 Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914International Rivalry and the International Rivalry and the
Coming of WarComing of War
New Directions and New CrisesNew Directions and New Crises Emperor William II and a “place in the sun”Emperor William II and a “place in the sun”
Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894
Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, RussiaTriple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyItaly
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913
Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908
Serbian protest - Russian support of Serbia – Germany steps in…..
First Balkan War, 1912 Balkan League defeats the Ottomans
Second Balkan War, 1913 Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated Bulgaria Serbia’s ambitions? London Conference
Austria & Germany Russian anger!
An Age of Modernity and Anxiety, 1894 - 1914
France: Travails of the Third RepublicFrance: Travails of the Third Republic
Politically very unstable. Rivalry between monarchists (conservatives) and
republicans.
Because there were so many factions, all governments were coalitions.
Still, it survived longer than any other regime since 1789!
A number of scandals, including the Dreyfus Affair.
