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2012 Lecture Series - Lecture 1Originally presented on 2/19/12
Citation preview
Introduction to Korean Buddhist Temples
2012 Lecture Series - Lecture 1
Outline
Architecture and WorldviewLocation, Design, Layout
Passing Through the GatesPrimary Halls
Secondary HallsOther Buildings
PagodasInside the Halls
Art and SymbolismNoteworthy Temples
Architecture and Worldview
• Expression of worldview from culture
• Temples (Complexes) about more than just buildings or visual experience
• Create atmosphere conducive to meditation
• Cannot use Western perspective
Location and Design of Temple Sites
• Site is based on principles of geomancy
• Nearly all temples built on auspicious sites
• Ideal site is mountain basin near water
• Buildings are arranged so they are approached in order
Temple Layout
• Use of wood constrained building size
• Complex of multiple smaller buildings
• Layout is critical consideration
• Architectural significance according to layout, rather than specific building
Approaching the Temple
• Budo
• Iljumun
• Cheonwangmun
• Burimun
Budo - Memorial Stupa
• First structure in temple complex
• Stone structure
• Enshrines ‘sariras’ (relics) of eminent monks
• Place to pay homage and arouse faith
Passing Through the Gates
• Series of gates leading up to main Buddha Hall
• Iljumun, Cheonwangmun, Burimun
• Provide spiritual preparation
Iljumun
• “One Pillar”
• Front gate
• Inscription names temple and mountain
• Symbolic of beginning journey towards one mind, first steps into Pure Land
Cheonwangmun
• “Four Guardians’ Gate”
• 2nd gate
• 2 guardians on each side
• Ferocious faces scare away evil spirits
• Guardians defend temple from all four directions
Burimun
• “Gate of Non-Duality”
• 3rd gate at larger temples
• Larger than Iljumun
• Symbolizes the notion that Pure Land and Saha World are one
Primary Buddha Halls
• Daeung-jeon
• Daejeokgwang-jeon
• Muryangsu-jeon
Daeung-jeon
• “Great Hero”
• Main Buddha Hall
• Holds Shakyamuni Statue
• 3 Platforms
- Main Platform
- Guardian Platform
- Memorial Platform
• Courtyard/Pagoda
Daejeokgwang-jeon
• Hall of “Silence and Light”
• Enshrines Vairocana Buddha (Dharma Body)
• Triad includes Sakyamuni and Rocana Buddha
• Represents Lotus Treasury World
Muryangsu-jeon
• “Hall of Paradise”
• Dedicated to Amitabha
• 2nd to Daeungjeon
• Triad includes Gwaneum-bosal and Daeseji-bosal
• Images face east so worshippers can bow towards Western Paradise
Secondary Halls
• Gwaneum-jeon
• Myeongbu-jeon
• Mireuk-jeon
• Yaksa-jeon
• Nahan-jeon
• Palsang-jeon
Gwaneum-jeon
• Devoted to Avalokitesvara
• Also called Wontong-jeon if entire temple is dedicated to worship
Myeongbu-jeon
• “Dark Place”
• Judgement Hall
• Enshrines Jijang-bosal
• Faces Main Hall from right side
Mireuk-jeon
• Devoted to Maitreya - the future Buddha of Loving Kindness
Yaksa-jeon
• Enshrines Bhaisajyaguru
• Medicine Buddha
• Believers visit when sick
• Customarily placed in east
Nahan-jeon
• Dedicated to the disciples of Buddha
• Shakyamuni sits on altar
• Surrounded by 500 disciples
• Large guardian in entranceway
Palsang-jeon
• “Eight Scenes from the Life of the Buddha”
• Also known as Yeongsan-jeon
Other Buildings
• Yosachae
• Gangdang
• Seungdang
• Josadang
• Samseonggak
• Jonggak and Goru
Yosachae
• Monks’ living quarters
• Space for sleeping, eating, and other activities
• Usually includes meditation space
• Often flank front courtyard
• Residential architecture
Gangdang
• Lecture Hall
• Only found in larger temples
• Located near Main Buddha Hall
• Also used for ceremonies and services
Seungdang
• “Monks’ Hall”
• Meditation and Practice
• Also called Seonbang or Seonwon
Josadang
• Hall of Predecessors
• Portraits of founder and deceased senior monks
• Combination of Korea’s indigenous ancestral worship and Seon Buddhism
Samseonggak
• Shrine of the 3 Deities
• Not a part of Buddhism
• Small Buildings
• Dedicated to Indigenous Shamanistic figures
Jonggak and Goru
• Jonggak (Bell Tower)
- Dharma Drum
- Wooden Fish
- Cloud-Shaped Gong
- Brahma Bell
• Goru - pavilion that houses drum - faces Jonggak
Pagodas
• Protect and keep safe Sarira
• Usually divided into 3 sections
• Body usually has odd number of stories
• Made of stone
Inside the Halls
• Art and Symbols
• Images of Buddha
• Dancheong
Art and Symbols
• Buldan/Sumidan
• Main Halls symbolizes Lotus Sutra Dharma Assembly on Vulture Peak
• Raining Flowers
• Datjip “Separate House”
Images of Buddha
• Categorized according to mudra, attributes, and shape of crown
• Seated posture differs according to identity
• Distinguish images by hand gesture
• Light of Truth
Dancheong
• “Red and Blue”
• Dates back to 4th century
• Elaborated in Joseon
• Use increased during rebuilds
• Lotus Flowers & Fish
Noteworthy Temples
• As of 2000 892 traditional temples
• Jogye Order = 731
• Taego Order = 97
• Bulguk-sa
• Haein-sa
• Bongjeong-sa
• Seonam-sa
• Unju-sa
• Yongju-sa
Learn More!Gyun, Heo. Korean Temple Motifs, Dolbegae Publishers, 2005.
Kim, Sung-woo. Buddhist Architecture of Korea, Hollym, 2007.
June 2012
State and Sangha:
Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in Korea