CHAPTER 19The Last Great Nomadic Challenges:

From Chinggis Khan to Timur

World Civilizations: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis KhanII. The Mongol Drive to the WestIII. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

Mongol CultureNomadic pastoralists

Goats, sheepTribe

Divided into clansTemporary confederationsLeaders elected

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

Mongol CultureNomadic pastoralists

Goats, sheepTribe

Divided into clansTemporary confederationsLeaders elected

The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

A. The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan

Kabul Khan1100s, defeats Qin forcesGrandson, Temujin

Chinggis KhanBorn TemujinDevelops alliances among

Mongols1206, elected khagan (supreme

ruler)

The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

B. Building the Mongol War MachineMounted warriorsTumens,10,000 troopsMessenger forceAdopted gunpowder, cannons

C. Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan

1207, expeditionChina

Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated

D. First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China

Kara Khitai defeatedMongolian

Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated

Return to ChinaXi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed

1227, death of Chinggis KhanEmpire from Persia to North China Sea

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

E. Life Under the Mongol ImperiumHarsh, tolerant

Chinggis Khan Capital at karakorumShamanistic

Tolerated other religionsNew administration

Commerce thrives

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

F. The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire

1227, division of empireThree sons, one grandsonOgedei, third son

Elected great khan

The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. The Mongol Drive to the WestGolden Horde

Khan's tent

Russia in the 1200sMany kingdomsMongols (Tartars) invade

Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan1236, begins conquest of Russia1240, Kiev taken and sackedNovgorod spared

A. Russia in BondageRussians in vassalage to Golden HordeCommerce benefits

Moscow thrivesMetropolitan head of Orthodox

churchLeads Russian resistance to Mongol

Kulikova, 1380Golden Horde defeated

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. The Mongol Drive to the West

B. Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe

Hungary, 1240Death of Ogedei

Batu retreats

C. The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands

HuleguGrandson of Chinggis KhanIlkhanWest to Mesopotamia, north Africa1258, Baghdad sacked1260, stopped by Baibars

Egyptian Mamluks

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

Ogedei renews attack on ChinaKubilai Khan

Grandson of Chinggis KhanAttacks Song1271, transformation to Yuan dynastyCapital at Tatu (Beijing)

A. Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture

Mongol women retain libertiesChabi, wife of Kubilai, influential

B. Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence

Mongol patronageAttracts scholars, artists

Religious tolerationBuddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians,

Daoists, Muslims

Marco PoloVisits court

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

C. Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance

Ethnic Chinese resistEspecially scholar-gentry

KubilaiProtects peasant landsFamine reliefTax, labor burden lessened

D. The Fall of the House of Yuan

Death of KubilaiDynasty already weakenedSong revolt

1274, 1280, Japan attackedFailure

By 1350s, territory lost

Ju YanzhangFounds Ming dynasty

Chapter 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

E. Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur

Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane)TurkishBase at Samarkand

1360s, conquestsPersia, Fertile Crescent,

India, Russia

1405, deathEmpire dissolvesEnd of steppe nomad conquests