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The New Covenant
Heb 8:7-13
The quotation of Jer. 31:31-34, the longest OT quotation in the NT, plays a vital role in the book’s discourse on Christ’s superior high-priestly offering (8:3-10:18), laying the groundwork for the climax of the book’s christological exposition.
Beale & Carson, Commentary on the NT use of the OT, 970
“Covenant”
pact, pledge, alliance, agreement, promise – ְּב��ִר�ית
Wording – to “cut a covenant” (cf. Gen 15)• Visual demonstration incurring sobriety for the
significance of the agreement reached & sealed• Meant to ensure fulfillment of agreement, by
consenting (generally mutually) to the death of the one who breaks covenant
Covenants
(Adamic)
Gen 1-2
Hos 6:7
Noahic
Gen 9
Abrahamic
Gen 12Gen 13Gen 15Gen 17Gen 22
Mosaic
Exo 19-24
Deut 26-28
Davidic
2 Sam 7
New
Jer 31:33-34
Ezek 36:23-36
Conditional:
Obedience to one command
Provision & protection
enjoying God’s presence in
Paradise
Unconditional:
(w/o God’s immediate presence)
Provision:Seasonal stability
Protection:No more
universal flood
Unconditional:
(Circumcision)
Great Name Great Nation
A Seed A Land
A Blessing
Conditional:
Exclusive devotion and
absolute obedience to
YHWH
Provision & protection
enjoying God’s presence in
Canaan
Unconditional:
Great NameEternal Rest
Eternal HouseEternal Throne
Eternal Kingdom
Unconditional:
ForgivenessRegeneration
Holy SpiritRestoration
Provision & protection
enjoying God’s unlimitedpresence
Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Genesis Rest of OT(& Gospels)
Pentateuch (Revelation Signals Redemption)
Law [Mosaic Cov.]Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation
Mosaic Covenant
Initiated in Exo 24:3-8, & confirmed with blood
• The people themselves are sprinkled with “the blood of the covenant”
Covenant Renewals• Exo 34:10 (Moses – 1st generation, after golden calf)• Deut 29:1(Moses – 2nd generation, after wild. wand.)• Josh 24 (Joshua – 2nd generation, after initial conq.)• 1 Sam 12 (Samuel – upon the institution of the king)• 2 Chron 29-31 (Hezekiah – roughly 725 BC)• 2 Kgs 22-23 (Josiah – roughly 625 BC)• Neh 8-9 (upon returning to the land after captivity)
Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Genesis Rest of OT(& Gospels)
Pentateuch (Revelation Signals Redemption) Grace New Covenant
Law [Mosaic Cov.]Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation World
Covenant Renewals• Exo 34:10 (Moses – 1st generation)• Deut 29:1(Moses – 2nd generation)• Josh 24 (Joshua – 2nd generation)• 1 Sam 12 (Samuel – institution of king)• 2 Chron 29-31 (Hezekiah – 725 BC)• 2 Kgs 22-23 (Josiah – 625 BC)– Jeremiah – Also, Ezek 34, 36-37 & Isa 40-55– Jeremiah’s New Covenant most familiar b/c directly
quoted twice in Hebrews (8:9-13 / 10:15-18)
“New” Covenant
Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Genesis Rest of OT(& Gospels)
New Testament Kingdom
Pentateuch (Revelation Signals Redemption) Grace New Covenant
Law [Mosaic Cov.]Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation World Cosmos
Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Genesis Rest of OT(& Gospels)
New Testament Kingdom
Pentateuch (Revelation Signals Redemption) Grace New Covenant
Law [Mosaic Cov.]Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation World Cosmos
Jesus
So, where does the “New” Covenant fit?
Height of Conflict:
Jesus, the MessiahPerfect cov’t leadership rejected
– Crucifixion
Conflict Intensifies:
God enters into covenant w/ His people ([Noah], Abraham, Moses, Levi [Phinehas], David)
God establishes leadership for His people (Prophets, Priests, Judges, Kings)
Rejection of covenant by ldrship – Exile/Restoration (New Covenant promised)
Conflict Builds:
Personal Degradation – Cain, LamechUniversal Judgment – Flood, Babel
Resolution Begins:
The Church (New Covenant initiated)
– God’s heavenly people on earth
Conflict Unravels:
The Millennium – Messiah reigns(New Covenant realized / Curse removed)
– God on earth w/ His people
Convergence of Abr., David., & New Cov’ts
Driving Conflict:
God’s Glory in Salvation through
Judgment
(James Hamilton)
Setting:
God’s Glory in Creation of
Heavens & Earth
Occasioning Event:
Fall – Man rejects God’s righteous rule and violates God’s Glory
Creation cursed
Conflict Resolved:
God’s Glory in Judgment – Heavens & Earth destroyed
Outcome:
– God’s Glory in Re-Creation of New Heavens/New Earth
– God’s right. rule established over New Cov’t Community in New Creation
Text: Bible Reversal:
Jesus, the MessiahPerfect cov’t leadership confirmed
– Resurrection
Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
Jesus Christ
Heb 8:8-12"Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will establish a new
covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah, 9 not like the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day when I took
them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt. For they did not continue in my covenant, and so I showed no concern for them, declares the Lord.
10 For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord: I will put my laws into their minds, and write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.
11 And they shall not teach, each one his neighbor and each one his brother, saying, 'Know the Lord,' for they shall all know me, from the least of them to the greatest.
12 For I will be merciful toward their iniquities, and I will remember their sins no more."
Different word than used in LXX in Jer 31 – “to bring to
completion/fulfillment”
12
34
Eschatological significance – used 3 times in Jer 31 context
What was wrong with the Old Cov’t?
• With it, God found “fault” – v. 8– possessing defect – blameworthy– cf. 7:19 – “the Law made nothing perfect”
• In establishing a “new” covenant, God made the first one “obsolete” – v. 13– to make old/antiquated– outmoded, outdated– useless
Without the Temple, there was no altar, no Holy of Holies. There could therefore be no sacrifices and no ministering priesthood. And without a priesthood and its sacrifices, there could be no Old Covenant. It was finished. . . The destruction of the Temple completed the closing of the Old Covenant – by removing the place of sacrifice that no longer served a purpose. The age of the Mosaic law and the Levitical priests was over. The age of the Son was come forever.
– MacArthur
But isn’t the New Cov’t for Israel?
• Convergence of all the covenants– Adamic– Noahic– Abrahamic– Mosaic– Davidic
(Adamic)
Gen 1-2
Hos 6:7
Noahic
Gen 9
Abrahamic
Gen 12Gen 13Gen 15Gen 17Gen 22
Mosaic
Exo 19-24
Deut 26-28
Davidic
2 Sam 7
New
Jer 31:33-34
Ezek 36:23-36
Conditional:
Provision & protection
enjoying God’s presence on
Earth
Unconditional:
Earthly stability & blessing
Unconditional:
A Seed
A Blessing
To become a blessing . . . to all nations
Conditional:
Exclusive devotion and
absolute obedience to
YHWH
Unconditional:
Eternal RestEternal HouseEternal Throne
Eternal Kingdom
Unconditional:
ForgivenessRegeneration
Holy SpiritRestoration
Provision & protection
enjoying God’s unlimitedpresence
NT Uses of “New Covenant”
• Luk 22:20• 1 Cor 11:25
• 2 Cor 3:6
• Heb 8:8• Heb 9:15• Heb 12:24
Last Supper
Jesus as Mediator
Us as participants!
The Connection of the Covenant & the Blood
• Heb 9:12 – purchases an eternal redemption• Heb 9:14 – provides an internal regeneration• Heb 10:19-20 – opens a “new & living way”• Heb 10:29 – “the blood of the covenant” is what is
“spurned” when the new covenant is rejected• Heb 12:24 – “speaks” to one who is accepted• Heb 13:12 – shed “outside the camp” for those within• Heb 13:20 – “the blood of the eternal covenant” (!)
The New Covenant . . .
Replacing all that comes before . . .It anticipates all that is yet to come.
And it’s ours . . .today!
(And forever!)