Upload
wc101
View
566
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Transformation and Expansion of Europe
Citation preview
77
The Transformation and Expansion of Europe
OverviewLate Middle Ages, series of disasters Consequences of population increase Expansion of Islam
Capitalism, money and credit
Inventions
Government Taxes Armies
Struggle between subjects and rulers Representative assemblies
Contact with the Far East and renewed Muslim threat
Change in Western Europe
Crisis and Problems of the Late Middle Ages
The Calamitous Fourteenth Century Weather Population increase Peasant uprising in northern France, 1320
Seek a Christian commonwealth Put down by bands of knights
Jacquerie, 1358 Hundred Years’ War Bubonic Plague or Black Death
Began in western China about 1340 Rats Drastic economic, social, and psychological effects
Eastern Europe in the Late Middle AgesByzantium and Orthodoxy Chaos in the Balkans
Schism Spiritual and cultural hold of Byzantium over Orthodox people National orthodox churches Catholic Church regarded as an enemy
Eastern European States and Societies Europe divided into two
West: stronger with more highly developed countries East: weaker and less highly developed countries
Colonization and immigration German colonists into Poland and Hungary Jews fleeing eastward
Conflict Teutonic Knights
SerfdomMongols, Tartars, and Russia Asiatic attack
Ghenghis Khan, Mongols Batu Khan Kiev and Russia
The Mongol Empire
The Turks in EuropeArrive in Europe in 1352
Conquest of the Bulgarians and Serbs
Fall of Constantinople, 1453
Brought unity and peace to the Balkans
Religious freedom Non-Muslims had second-class status Conversions
Greek upper class Greek patriarchs and bishops held religious and worldly
power throughout the Balkans
The New EconomyThe Birth of Modern Capitalism Italian merchants lead the revival of trade in the
eleventh century Reinvestment of surplus Expansion of trading activities Hanseatic League Antwerp and Bruges
Innovations in Business Organization After 1200: throw off the shackles of the guilds Partnership
Woolens Industry “Putting-out,” or “domestic” system
The Rise of Banking and BankersEconomy geared to tradeUse of coinsBill of ExchangeBanking Successful merchants
Money lending Usury Jews
Christian banking Italian merchants, Florence Jacques Coeur Jacob Fugger
The Impact on Social Structure and Values
The End of Serfdom in Western Europe Disrupted relationship between the nobles and peasants
Nobles rent out their demesnes to free tenants Services converted into money payment
Emancipation of the serfs Serfdom disappeared in England by 1500
The Challenge to Medieval Values Dislocations in society led to dislocations in ethics
Pride, envy, and greed now regarded as the main- springs of economic life
The Church succumbed to materialism Emergence of the bourgeois, or middle class
The New TechnologyExposure to the technology of the Arabs and the Far EastNavigation Charts
Navigation and Ship Design Magnetic compass – China Astrolabe – Arabs Carrack – three masted ship
Firearms Gunpowder – China
“Fire-pots” or “tubes” (canones) Bronze cast cannons
Paper and woodcut printing Black printing did not catch on until Johann Guttenberg developed
it about 1450 Reduced the cost of printing allowing for the publishing cheaply
of books Mechanical clock
The New PoliticsGovernment
Use of money Levy tariffs on trade
New Developments in warfare Past use of knights New weapons equalized foot soldiers and horsemen
Longbow Pike Cannon Combined forces of infantry, cavalry, and artillery
Nobles still the leaders in society and government
Absolutism in Practice: ItalyCity-States and the Rise of Despotism Italian city-state Struggle between the pope and Holy Roman emperors Localism Struggle between rival states in north Italy Three leading states – Venice, Milan, Florence By the end of the thirteenth century most of the cities had won self-rule
from the feudal nobility and emerged as sovereign republics Emergence of political strongmen, supported bankers and capitalists Despots Condottieri Francesco Sforza, ruler of Milan in 1540 Florence in the hands of the Medici beginning in 1434 Venice
Despotism in Central and Southern Italy Papal States Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Fifteenth-Century Italy
The Theory of Absolutism: Machiavelli
Need for unified absolute governmentDespotic rule put down internal dissension in Milan and FlorenceThe Secularization of the State Thomas Aquinas
Temporal power is invested by God in the people as a whole who delegate it to suitable persons
State receives its authority from God (through the people) and must exercise the power for Christian purposes and in a Christian manner
Machiavelli Modern view of politics and the state Blamed papacy for keeping Italy divided Removed politics from Christian theology and placed it in the
secular world
The Pursuit of State Power The Prince seeks to achieve and maintain a strong state. Machiavelli regarded Italians as corrupt beyond
correction Use of the military to keep strength “Lion and the fox” Princes should never reveal true motives and methods
Building the National Monarchies: Unification of Spain
Spain unified through the marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469
Broke the independence of feudal lords
France: The Monarchy & the NationHundred Years’ War, 1338-1453 Edward III of England laid claim to the throne of France
England triumphed by 1420 and most of France north of the Loire River was given to Henry V, now the English King Joan of Arc, 1429Charles VII Estates-General of France summoned in 1439 Taille Eliminated feudal officeholders and replaced them with royal
administrators recruited from the nobility Estates-General never developed into a constitutional body due to class
and sectional rivalriesLouis XI Duchy of Burgundy gained in 1477
Independence of the French Clergy Self-governing “Gallican” Church Declaration of administrative independence in 1438 King has the right to appoint French bishops and abbots
England: The King and Parliament
Magna Carta, 1215
Edward I held “Model Parliament” 1295 Evolution into two chambers Approved new revenues Determines the line of succession
Defeat by France in Hundred Years’ War War of the Roses Henry VII
The Eclipse of the Universal Empire: Germany and the Habsburgs
Germany was a patchwork of hundreds of fiefs
“Electors,” seven in number
Hapsburgs Emperor Charles V
A large empire of political and military problemsDivided his lands into west & east when he
abdicated in 1556
Europe in 1526
The New GeographyCapitalism and materialism provided incentives for exploration and empire buildingResponse to IslamThe Impulse to Overseas Expansion
Crusades had carried Europeans to the Middle East and excited curiosity
Wider Horizons Mongols Marco Polo Mali, Africa
Venice’s Monopoly and the Muslim Threat Impact of the Black Death Venice – eastern Mediterranean Genoa – western Mediterranean
New Routes to the EastDesire for the luxuries of the Orient
Eliminate the middleman profits of Venice Paid for with the gold of West Africa
Two routes to the Indian Ocean West to China South down the coast of Africa Hope to find riches to strengthen the economic
base, power, and glory Seeking an ally against Islam
The Voyages of European DiscoveryPortugal and the African Route Occupy the Madeira Islands and Azores Vasco da Gama, 1498, down the coast of Africa
Spain and the Atlantic Route Christopher Columbus
Proposal to sail west rejected by many nations Support of Queen Isabella of Spain in 1492 Bahamas Islands Three more voyages
The “New World” and the Pacific Ocean Amerigo Vespussi Demarcation Line of the Treaty of Tordesillas Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Giovanni da Verrazano
European Explorers and Empires, 1492-1534
The Colonial EmpiresThe Portuguese in the Far East Vasco da Gama to Calicut, India, 1498 Portuguese had naval bases and trading stations from western
Africa to the Far East by 1530 – Portugal now dominated trade between Europe and the East
The New World Empires Hernando Cortéz in Mexico, 1519-1521, against the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro
Peru controlled by Spain,1534
The Newcomers: England, France, and Holland Eager for profits overseas Three states dominated commercial trade by 17th century Wars of the 18th century were worldwide, being fought overseas
as well as in Europe
Overseas Consequences of Europe’s Expansion
Clash of the Old World and the New World
Exploitation
Christianization
Spain brought “Rome” to the New World Organized new cities, towns, churches and missions,
plantations, and industries Native people as “wards”
Destroyed native civilization
Portugal begins developing Brazil after 1600
Asia: The Limits of European Power Impact of the West on Asia was at first hardly
noticeable Unable to conquer and Christianize any Asian territories other than their tiny commercial footholds
and the Spanish Philippines Missionaries
Africa and the Slave Trade Civilization and cultures in black Africa south of the
Sahara could not be destroyed by the EuropeansFirst attracted by gold and then by slavesAfrican population movement between 1523 and
1880s Impact of the slave trade on America and Africa
For Africa, loss of human resources Profits for western countries through the slave trade
Consequences for EuropeEconomic, nourishing the roots of capitalismShift in the geographical distribution of prosperity and powerBritain, France, and Holland became the main trading gateways between Europe and the rest of the world Joint-stock companies
Triumph of capitalism assured by the acceleration of trade and production making it a worldwide systemNew foodsChristianity grows into an intercontinental religionMaterialismWestern civilization became a worldwide civilization
Worldwide Trade and Empire about 1770
Discussion Questions:What were the important events of the fourteenth century and how did these affect the civilization of Europe?What were the changes in the economy and how did this affect both the rich and the poor?What new technology appeared and what were its consequences?What adjustments were made in politics? Compare and contrast the political changes in the nations of Europe.Why did Europe become involved in overseas expansion? What were the consequences of this both for Europe, the lands conquered, and Africa?