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My talk for JSConf 2014: When writing complex business logic, it is critically important to maintain clean code though the judicious applications of Test Driven Development and Domain Driven Design. However, even these powerful techniques fall short of solving the problem at the heart of building complex software: building what the customer actually wants. Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) allow us to capture complex business requirements in code written in the language of the customer. Once an ubiquitous language between you and your customer is defined and implemented as a DSL, the code can quite literally be given back to the customer to edit and refine. This is not a theory, or a myth. I have done this under real-world constraints and deadlines, and you can as well. JavaScript’s ability to blend Object Oriented and Functional Programming paradigms makes it an ideal language for authoring custom DSLs. Unfortunately, too often developers are unclear on how to identify when a custom DSL is an appropriate solution, and when it is, how to go about writing one. I will take you through the process of developing a few different custom DSLs from planning to implementation, as well as how to performance tune and debug your new custom language. My hope is that you will gain a powerful tool for managing complex software that will keep you sane, and your customers happy.
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Writing Custom DSLs
Neil Green
Today’s Talk
• The Evolutionary History of DSLs• What a DSL is and what it is for• Defining your DSL’s Grammar• Implementing your DSL
The Evolutionary History of DSLs
How Can We Create a Machine Language that Reads Like a Human Language?
?
Punch CardsHow Humans First Spoke to Machines
Low Level Languages
Higher Level Languages
High Level Languages
Object Oriented Languages
Domain Modeling
User Interface
Model Database
Models as Data Transfer
User Interface
Domain Model(Business Logic) Database
Models as Business Logic
MVC Pattern
ViewModel
Controller
View
Domain Model
Controller
MVC for Complex Applications
Creating A Domain Model
1. Understand your domain2. Model your domain3. Implement your domain
Understand Your Domain
Speak with the customer
Develop a mutual language
Implement the Model
Diagram a Model
NounsClasses
VerbsMethods
Model the Domain
Implement the Domain Model
Speculative Implementation(guessing based on assumptions)
Implement the Domain Model
Write Test
Write Code to
Pass Test
Refactor Code
Implementing the Domain Model
Behavior Driven Development
Write Tests
Write Tests Alone
Write Test with
Customer
Test Driven Development
Language of Test = Language of Domain
Have the Customer Express Expectations Directly in Code
What a DSL is and what it is for
Domain Specific Language
1. Grammar2. Implementation3. Rules
Common DSLs
General DSLs• SQL• Regular Expression• Unix shell scripts
JavaScript DSLs• jQuery• D3js• Gulp• Mocha/Chai
DSLs Make Complex Problems Simpler
select * from Table
DSLs Also Simplify Business Problems
• Automotive• Banking• Consumer• Education• Engineering• Energy• Oil and Gas• Financial (Finance)• Food and beverage• Government
• Healthcare• Insurance• Manufacturing• Media• Online• Real estate• Retail• Technology• Telecommunications• Transportation (Travel)
Business DSLs get their Grammar from the customer NOT THE PROGRAMMER
Business DSLs are for customers Technical DSLs are for programmers
Defining your DSL’s Grammar
Defining the Grammar
Programmer
Customer
Domain Model
The Alarm Problem Domain
“Hey Paul, how's it going? Yesterday our office admin came in early to setup for the companies weekly status meeting, but he couldn't remember the code to turn off the alarm. The cops had to come out and he tried to explain he was an employee because he had a key, but they didn’t believe him and ended up calling me. We have the same meeting every Monday morning, so can we just not have the alarm set so he doesn't need the alarm code to get in?”
“Hey Paul, what's up? I know I asked you to not have the alarm set for our weekly status meetings, but during memorial day I was worried that we had the alarm off when we should have had it on. I had a friend of mine who's business got robbed on July 4th, 'cause I guess they figured no one would be there.”
GrammarHey Paul, how's it going? Yesterday our office admin came in early to setup for the companies weekly status meeting, but he couldn't remember the code to turn off the alarm. The cops had to come out and he tried to explain he was an employee because he had a key, but they didn’t believe him and ended up calling me. We have the same meeting every Monday morning, so can we just not have the alarm set so he doesn't need the alarm code to get in?
Hey Paul, what's up? I know I asked you to not have the alarm set for our weekly status meetings, but during memorial day I was worried that we had the alarm off when we should have had it on. I had a friend of mine who's business got robbed on July 4th, 'cause I guess they figured no one would be there.
GrammarHey Paul, how's it going? Yesterday our office admin came in early to setup for the companies weekly status meeting, but he couldn't remember the code to turn off the alarm. The cops had to come out and he tried to explain he was an employee because he had a key, but they didn’t believe him and ended up calling me. We have the same meeting every Monday morning, so can we just not have the alarm set so he doesn't need the alarm code to get in?
Hey Paul, what's up? I know I asked you to not have the alarm set for our weekly status meetings, but during memorial day I was worried that we had the alarm off when we should have had it on. I had a friend of mine who's business got robbed on July 4th, 'cause I guess they figured no one would be there.
Grammar
• Our• Office admin • Code• Alarm• Yesterday • Early • Weekly • Every Monday morning• Memorial day • July 4th
• Not• Should• Set• Off• On
VerbsNouns
Grammar
• Our Company• Office admin Employee & Role• Code• Alarm
• Not• Should• Set On• On• Off
VerbsNouns (things)
• Yesterday Day• Early 6:00am – 9:00am• Weekly Every & Week • Every Monday morning Every & Day & 9:00am–12:00pm• Memorial day (Idiom)• July 4th (Idiom)
Nouns (time)
Idiom
• New Year’s Day• Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.• Washington’s Birthday• Memorial Day• Independence Day (“July 4th”)• Labor Day• Columbus Day• Veterans Day• Thanksgiving Day• Christmas Day
Federal Holiday
Grammar
• Company• Employee• Role• Code• Alarm
• Not• Should• On• Off
VerbsNouns (things)
• Day• 6:00am, 9:00am, 12:00pm• Every• Week • Federal Holiday
Nouns (time)
Grammar
Alarm on weekdays* 8:00am-6:00pm Alarm off Mondays 6:00am-8:00amAlarm on federal holidays
* Weekdays = Every Monday - Friday
Grammar
The Alarm should be on every weekday between 8:00am-6:00pm, but the alarm should be off Mondays from 6:00am-8:00am. Also, the alarm should be on for federal holidays.
Verify Grammar
“Yeah, this is pretty good, only thing is, we don’t close for
Columbus day”
Grammar
The Alarm should be on every weekday between 8:00am-6:00pm, but the alarm should be off Mondays from 6:00am-8:00am. Also, the alarm should be on for federal holidays, but not for Columbus Day
Grammar
• Company• Employee• Role• Code• Alarm
• Not• Should• On• Off
VerbsNouns (things)
• Day• Every• Week • Weekday; “Mondays”• Federal Holiday; “Columbus Day”• 6:00am, 8:00am, 12:00pm, 6:00pm
Nouns (time)
Grammar
• Alarm • Not• On• Off
VerbsNouns (things)
• Weekdays; “Mondays”• Federal Holiday; “Columbus Day”• 6:00am, 8:00am, 12:00pm, 6:00pm
Nouns (time)
(security guard by day, programmer by night)
Implementing the Grammar
Implementing the Grammar
• Compiler?• Lexer?• Parser?
• Tokenizer?• Interpretor?• Symbol table?
Implementing the Grammar
Method Chaining!(Fluent Interface)
Implementing the Grammar
Alarm on weekdays 8:00am-6:00pm Alarm off Mondays 6:00am-8:00amAlarm on federal holidaysAlarm off Columbus Day
Implementing the Grammar
Alarm.on().weekdays(‘8:00am’, ’6:00pm’); Alarm.off().Mondays(‘6:00am’, ‘8:00am’);Alarm.on().federal().holidays();Alarm.off(‘Columbus Day’);
Implementing the Grammar
alarm = new AlarmDsl();
alarm.on().weekdays(‘8:00am’, ’6:00pm’); alarm.off().Mondays(‘6:00am’, ‘8:00am’);alarm.on().federal().holidays();alarm.off(‘Columbus Day’);
alarm.buildConfiguredDomainModel()
Configuring the Domain
Using objects:
new AlarmSchedule({ on: true, startTime: ‘8:00am’, endTime: ‘6:00am’});
Configuring the Domain
Using functions:
AlarmSchedule.isOn = isTimeBetween(
timeRange(‘8:00am’, ‘6:00am’));
Paul’s Written a Custom DSL!!!
How to Write a Custom DSL
1. Review Conversation with Customer2. Remove meaningless words3. Separate nouns and verbs 4. Identify Idioms 5. Review grammar with Customer6. Implement the Grammar
Implementing your DSL
New Domain: Shipping
Shipping Problem Domain
• Customer• Destination• Order • Item• Box• Delivery Date• Shipping Cost
• Dimensions• Weight• Fragility• Address• International• Carrier • Rate
Shipping Domain Model
Shipping DSL Grammar
when shipping domestically
if delivery date is flexible ship as cheaply as possible
if delivery date is specified pass shipping cost on to customer
when shipping internationally
then ship as cheaply as possible
Shipping DSL Grammar
when domestically
if flexible cheaply
if specified pass
when internationally
then cheaply
Shipping DSL Grammar
when().domestically().
if().flexible().cheaply().
if().specified().pass().
when().internationally().
then().cheaply
Shipping DSL Grammar
dslBuilder.
when().domestically().
if().flexible().cheaply().
if().specified().pass().
when().internationally().
then().cheaply()
.build();
Parsing the Grammar
Parsing the Grammar
Parsing the Grammar
Parsing the Grammar
Parsing the Grammar
Parsing the Grammar
Parsing the Grammar
The DSL Builder
JSON of the DSL Builder Rules
Shipping DSL Grammar with Drones!)
when shipping with drones
if weather is favorable send as cheaply as possible
otherwise ship domestically
when shipping domestically
if delivery date is flexible ship as cheaply as possible
if delivery date is specified pass shipping cost on to customer
when shipping internationally
then ship as cheaply as possible
How to Learn More
Thanks!!!