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Measuring Maintainability Dennis de Greef
Dennis de Greef Software Developer at TransIP Meetup addict
Tech enthousiast Occasional speaker Bass player
Domotica Software architect Hardware hacker Infrastructure engineer
Talk roadmap - About static software analysis - Measuring lines of code - Measuring complexity - Measuring coupling
About software statistics
Measuring Lines of Code
How many lines of code? 1 <?php 2 3 /* this is a for-loop */ 4 for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) 5 { 6 printf("hello"); 7 }
How many lines of code? 1 <?php 2 3 /** 4 * This is a for-loop 5 */ 6 for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) printf("hello");
Depends on your definition
LOC: Physical lines of code LLOC: Logical lines of code CLOC: Comment lines of code NCLOC: Non-comment lines of code
Different types:
How many lines of code?
7 physical lines of code 3 logical lines of code 1 comment lines of code 6 non-comment lines of code
1 <?php 2 3 /* this is a for-loop */ 4 for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) 5 { 6 printf("hello"); 7 }
How many lines of code?
6 physical lines of code 3 logical lines of code 3 comment lines of code 3 non-comment lines of code
1 <?php 2 3 /** 4 * This is a for-loop 5 */ 6 for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) printf("hello");
Some statisticsLOC
PhysicalCLOC
CommentNCLOC
Non-CommentLLOCLogical
symfony-standard 371490 102161(27.50%)
269329(72.50%)
84262(22.68%)
zend-framework2 306097 112498(36.75%)
193599(63.25%)
56053(18.31%)
laravel-framework 78191 35156 (44.96%)
43035(55.04%)
11970 (15.31%)
cakephp 93455 42454 (45.43%)
51001 (54.57%)
17235 (18.44%)
phploc 2.1.2-17-gb6bfd40
PSR-2
PSR-2
PSR-2
PSR-2
WARNING!Don’t use these statistics as a form of measuring quality or productivity!
People will just ‘game’ the system
*applies different codestyle*
Use it to gain more insight about the application
“Measuring programming progress by lines of code is like measuring aircraft building progress by weight.”
--Bill Gates
composer require phploc/phploc$ phploc loc1.php phploc 2.0.2 by Sebastian Bergmann.!
Size Lines of Code (LOC) 7 Comment Lines of Code (CLOC) 1 (14.29%) Non-Comment Lines of Code (NCLOC) 6 (85.71%) Logical Lines of Code (LLOC) 3 (42.86%) Classes 0 (0.00%) Average Class Length 0 Average Method Length 0 Functions 0 (0.00%) Average Function Length 0 Not in classes or functions 3 (100.00%)
Measuring Complexity
• Cyclomatic Complexity • N-path Complexity
Complexity and quality are strongly related
Cyclomatic Complexity“It is a quantitative measure of the number of
linearly independent paths through a program's source code.”
M = E − N + 2PE = the number of edges of the graph. N = the number of nodes of the graph. P = the number of connected components.
http://www.literateprogramming.com/mccabe.pdf
Simply put:Counting of decision trees: - function - for(each) - while - if - case
Cyclomatic Complexity 1 <?php 2 3 function foo($a, $b) { 4 if($a) { 5 if($b) { 6 echo "Hello World"; 7 } 8 } 9 } 10
5 edges 4 nodes 1 compound
M = 5 − 4 + 2x1 = 3M = E − N + 2P
Cyclomatic Complexity8 edges 7 nodes 1 compound
M = 8 − 7 + 2x1 = 3M = E − N + 2P
1 <?php 2 3 function foo() { 4 if($a) { 5 echo '1'; 6 } else { 7 echo '2'; 8 } 9 if($b) { 10 echo '3'; 11 } else { 12 echo '4'; 13 } 14 }
Cyclomatic ComplexityHow many tests do we need?
M = 8 − 7 + 2x1 = 3
Complete branch coverage: foo(true, false) foo(false, true)
Code Coverage 1 <?php 2 3 function foo($a, $b) { 4 if($a) { 5 // ... 6 } 7 8 if($b) { 9 // ... 10 } 11 } 12 13 foo(true, false); 14 foo(false, true);
All paths are tested with these two function calls. This implies 100% code coverage. !
Or does it? What about: foo(false, false) foo(true, true) ?
Code CoveragePath coverage:
http://derickrethans.nl/path-branch-coverage.html
Xdebug 2.3.0
PHP_CodeCoverage: not supported
N-path Complexity
“The NPath complexity of a method is the number of acyclic execution paths through that method.”
“The NPath complexity of a method is the number of acyclic execution paths through that method.”
N-path Complexity
“The NPath complexity of a method is the number of acyclic execution paths through that method.”
N-path Complexity
N-path Complexity
Path coverage
M = E − N + 2PE = the number of edges of the graph. N = the number of nodes of the graph. P = the number of connected components.
N-path Complexity
foo(false, false) foo(true, false) foo(false, true) foo(true, true)
Cyclomatic Complexity = 3 N-path Complexity = 4
N-path is exponential
N-path Complexity
foo(false, false) foo(true, false) foo(false, true) foo(true, true)
Cyclomatic Complexity = 3 N-path Complexity = 4
N-path is exponential
Number of unique paths
N-path Complexity // … $count['staticMethods'], $count['methods'] > 0 ? ($count['staticMethods'] / $count['methods']) * 100 : 0, $count['publicMethods'], $count['methods'] > 0 ? ($count['publicMethods'] / $count['methods']) * 100 : 0, $count['nonPublicMethods'], $count['methods'] > 0 ? ($count['nonPublicMethods'] / $count['methods']) * 100 : 0, $count['functions'], $count['namedFunctions'], $count['functions'] > 0 ? ($count['namedFunctions'] / $count['functions']) * 100 : 0, // …
N-path Complexity
The method printResult() has an NPath complexity of 47683715820312500.
The configured NPath complexity threshold is 200.
Measuring Coupling
http://www.codemanship.co.uk/parlezuml/metrics/OO%20Design%20Principles%20&%20Metrics.pdf
Martin’s Metrics
Measuring CouplingCoupling between packages
Packages being either a namespace or composer package
Measuring Coupling
Afferent Coupling (Ca):"Amount of other packages depending on this class (incoming) !
Efferent Coupling (Ce):"Amount of dependencies of this class !
Instability (I):"Resilience to change, metric between 0 and 1. Where 0 is stable.
I = Ce / (Ce + Ca)
Measuring Coupling
Ca = 2
Ce = 3
I = Ce / (Ce + Ca)
I = 3 / (3+2)
I = 0,6
I = 0,0 = Completely stableI = 1,0 = Completely unstable
Measuring Coupling
Abstract:"Either an abstract class or interface !
Concrete:"Any class that is neither abstract or final !
Abstractness (A):"How abstract a package is, ratio between 0 and 1. Where 0 is concrete.
A = Abstract / (Abstract + Concrete)
Measuring CouplingPHPMD (PHP Mess Detector)
Can detect (code size rules): - Cyclomatic complexity - N-path complexity - Excessive method length - Too many methods - etcetera
1020010010
And other things- Clean Code - Design Rules - Naming Rules - Unused Code Rules
Integrating it all
http://jenkins-php.org/
Questions?
Thank youBig thanks to: !
Derick Rethans (Xdebug) Sebastian Bergmann"(PHPLOC, PHPunit, PHP_CodeCoverage) Thomas J. McCabe Sr: Cyclomatic Complexity Robert C. Martin: Lots of things!(nicknamed ‘Uncle Bob’) !
Many more…
Twitter: @dennisdegreef Blog: dennisdegreef.net IRC (Freenode): link0 Github: dennisdegreef / link0 PHPNL-Slack: link0 Joind.in: https://joind.in/14991