languages.map(&:latest).reduce(&:future).sort.first

@akitaonrails

Fabio Akita @akitaonrails

Gordon Bell - DEC early employee

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Supercomputadores

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Supercomputadores

Minicomputadores

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Supercomputadores

Minicomputadores

Workstations

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Supercomputadores

Minicomputadores

Workstations

PersonalComputers

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Supercomputadores

Minicomputadores

Workstations

PersonalComputers

ScalableClusters

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Supercomputadores

Minicomputadores

Workstations

PersonalComputers

Small Devices

ScalableClusters

$100M

$10M

$1M

$100K

$10k

$1k

$100

$10

1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Supercomputadores

Minicomputadores

Workstations

PersonalComputers

Small Devices

ScalableClusters

Vaticano 2005

Vaticano 2013

Gordon Moore - Intel co-founder

0

1,000,000,000

2,000,000,000

3,000,000,000

4,000,000,000

5,000,000,000

6,000,000,000

7,000,000,000

8,000,000,000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Intel1Processors1Transistor1Count

0

1,000,000,000

2,000,000,000

3,000,000,000

4,000,000,000

5,000,000,000

6,000,000,000

7,000,000,000

8,000,000,000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Intel1Processors1Transistor1Count

Intel 400410 µm Intel 80386 Pentium

0.8 µm

Itanium 2

Six-core Xeon 7400

8-core Itanium Poulson32 nm

18-core Xeon Haswell-E522 nm

15-core Xeon Ivy Bridge-EX

Duo-core + GPU Core i7 Broadwell-U14 nm

0

1,000,000,000

2,000,000,000

3,000,000,000

4,000,000,000

5,000,000,000

6,000,000,000

7,000,000,000

8,000,000,000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Intel1Processors1Transistor1Count

Intel 400410 µm Intel 80386 Pentium

0.8 µm

Itanium 2

Six-core Xeon 7400

8-core Itanium Poulson32 nm

18-core Xeon Haswell-E522 nm

15-core Xeon Ivy Bridge-EX

Duo-core + GPU Core i7 Broadwell-U14 nm

Apple A7

Apple A8

Apple A8X20 nm

.NETC

CoffeeScriptElixir

F#

Groovy

Java

JavaScriptObjective-C

PHP

Perl PythonRuby

Swift

Visual Basic .NET

.NET

C

CoffeeScript

ElixirF#

Groovy

Java JavaScript

Objective-C

PHPPerl

Python

Ruby

Swift

Visual Basic .NET

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Speedcode (1953) John Backus

- interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701

- twenty times that of machine code

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Fortran (1957) John Backus

- first optimizing compiler - complex number types/

electric engineering

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

CPL (1963) Christopher Strachey

- Combined/Cambridge/Combined Programming Language

- low and high level

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

BCPL (1966) Martin Richards

- Basic CPL - Bootstrap CPL - popular choice

for bootstrapping a system

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

occam (1983) INMOS

- concurrent programming language - Bootstrap CPL - communication between processes

work through named channels

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Algol (1958) ETH Zürich committee

- Algol 58, Algol 60, Algol 68, Algol W - Context-free Grammars (Backus-Naur Form/BNF) - "ALGOL 68 was the first (and possibly one of the last)

major language for which a full formal definition was made before it was implemented”

- “ALGOL 68 has been criticized, most prominently by some members of its design committee such as Hoare and Dijkstra, for abandoning the simplicity of ALGOL 60”

- "Steve Bourne, who was on the Algol 68 revision committee, took some of its ideas to his Bourne shell (and thereby, to descendant shells such as Bash) and to C (and thereby to descendants such as C++)."

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Modula (1960) Niklaus Wirth

- "One of the first languages designed from the start for modular programming"

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

MUMPS (1966) Neil Pappalardo

- "Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System”

- hierarchical ACID built-in database - InterSystems Caché (SQL driver)

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

ADA (1966) MIL-STD

- strong typing, generics - modularity mechanisms (packages) - run-time checking

- access to unallocated memory, buffer overflow errors, range violations, off-by-one errors, array access errors, and other detectable bugs

- parallel processing (tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and

- nondeterministic select statements) - exception handling - widely used in critical systems, where any anomaly might

lead to very serious consequences, e.g., accidental death, injury or severe financial loss. Examples of systems where Ada is used include avionics,ATC, railways, banking, military and space technology

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Hope (1970s) Edinburgh University

- NPL and Hope: first languages with call-by-pattern evaluation

- influenced Standard ML, Haskell

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

SNOBOL (1962) AT&T Bell Labs

- patterns as a first-class data type - operators for pattern

concatenation and alternation - early regular expressions/pattern

matching

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

FLOW-MATIC (1955) Grace Hopper

- 1952 - A0 compiler - 1959 - COBOL - English-like high level

language

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Simula (1967) Ole-Johan Dahl, Kristen Nygaard

- object-oriented programming - inheritance and subclasses - virtual methods, coroutines - Garbage Collector

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

CLU (1974) Barbara Liskov

- early object-oriented programming - classes with constructors and methods,

without inheritance - iterators, abstract data types, type-safe

parameterized/variant types - multiple return values (parallel

assignment)

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

ISWIM (1965) Peter J. Landin

- "If you See What I Mean" - functional programming

(SASL, Miranda, ML, Haskell) - lazy evaluation

(SASL, KRC, Hope, Miranda, Haskell,

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Miranda (1985) David Turner

- lazy, purely functional programming - list comprehensions (Haskell)

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Clean (1987) Radboud University Nijmegen

- mutable state and I/O is done through a uniqueness typing system (Haskell Monads)

- performance comparable to Haskell

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Self (1987) David Ungar, Randall Smith

- dialect of Smalltalk (OOP) - prototype-based (Javascript) - Just in time Compiling (JVM)

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Prolog (1972) Alain Colmerauer

- logic programming (influenced Erlang) - natural language processing - relations, represented as facts and rules

- running a query over these relations

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Erlang (1986) Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding and Mike Williams

- distributed, fault-tolerant, soft-real-time, non-stop applications. It supports hot swapping

- processes communicate using message passing

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

ML (1973) Robin Milner/University of Edinburgh

- Hindley–Milner type system - parametric polymorphism - “Type Inference”

- ML Family (Standard ML, OCaml), Clean, Haskell

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

REBOL (1997) Carl Sassenrath

- "Relative Expression Based Object Language"

- dialecting: small, optimized, Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for code and data

- influenced JSON

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

• APL (1964) introduced: array programming, influenced: functional programming

• ALGOL (1958) refined both structured procedural programming and the discipline of language specification.

• Simula (1967) first language designed to support object-oriented programming; Smalltalk (1972) followed with the first "purely" object-oriented language.

• C (1969 - 1973) popular system programming language

• Prolog (1972), first logic programming language. • ML (1978) built a polymorphic type system on top of

Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional programming languages.

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015FORTRAN (1957) John Backus

- FORTRAN 2015

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

COBOL (1959) Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL)

- COBOL 2014

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

23%

32%

45%

Python Fortran C

500k LOC

2017 60 anos de FORTRAN

2014 55 anos de COBOL

2013 55 anos de LISP

2012 40 anos de Smalltalk

2015 35 anos de ADA

2010 2011 2012 2013 20142006 2007 2008 2009

2010 2011 2012 2013 20142006 2007 2008 2009

2010 2011 2012 2013 20142006 2007 2008 2009

https://github.com/replit

LLVM

LLVMOptimizer

Clang (C/C++/ObjC Frontend)

llvm-gcc Frontend

GHC Frontend

X86 Backend

PowerPC Backend

ARM Backend

C

Fortran

Haskell

LLVMOptimizer

Clang (C/C++/ObjC Frontend)

llvm-gcc Frontend

GHC Frontend

X86 Backend

PowerPC Backend

ARM Backend

C

Fortran

Haskell

ASM.js WebGL

Backend

“drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU …”

Swift 1.0 September 9th,

2014 with Xcode 6

Chris LattnerDirector of the Developer Tools department at Apple and the creator of Swift

http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTU4MzE

June 2015

http://llvm.org/docs/BitCodeFormat.html

dex2oat

www.akitaonrails.com

Obrigado@akitaonrails