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LINCOLN SMITH
FORESTGARDENS
SUCCESSION: FOREST ECOSYSTEM
SUCCESSION: ANNUAL CROPS
SUCCESSION: FOREST GARDEN
“[This special report] looks at ways to boost yields of the main crops…
…the reaction against intensive farming is a luxury of the rich. Traditional and organic farming…cannot feed the world”
The EconomistFebruary 2011
Swamp White OakQuercus bicolor
photo sourceNative Trees for North American Landscapesby Sternberg and Wilson
SOURCES1900 Wheat USDA Wheat Data Yearbook Tables1950 Wheat USDA Wheat Data Yearbook Tables2011 Wheat USDA Wheat Data Yearbook TablesAcorns UCR David A. Bainbridge Use of Acorns for Food in California: Past, Present, FutureAcorns FK Forrest Keeling Nursery - 200lbs averge yield 35' canopy Kimberley Oak
Note: Acorns assumed to contain 45% nut meatfrom Sean B. Dunham Nuts About Acorns: A Pilot Study on Acorn Use in Woodland Period Subsistence in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of MI
1900 Wheat 1950 Wheat 2011 Wheat Acorns UCR Acorns FK0
5001000150020002500300035004000
Flour Yield: Pounds/Acre/Year
ACORNS
ACORNS
ACORNS
What Is a Forest Garden?PERENNIAL
LAYEREDPATCHYPOLYCULTURALSELF-FERTILE
“soils…act as the principal medium for plant growth, regulate water supplies, modify the atmosphere, recycle raw materials and waste products, provide habitat for many kinds of organisms….soil is a major ecosystem in its own right”Quotation and graphic fromThe Nature and Properties of Soilsby Brady and Weil
PERENNIAL
Photo source:ApiosInstitute.org
PERENNIAL
LAYERED
PERENNIAL
LAYEREDPATCHY
PERENNIAL
LAYEREDPATCHY
PERENNIAL
LAYEREDPATCHY
Photo source:National Agroforestry Center
PERENNIAL
LAYEREDPATCHY
Central Rocky Mountain Permaculture InstitutePhoto source: apios.org
PERENNIALLAYERED
PATCHYPOLYCULTUR
AL
Diagram source:The Nature and Propertiesof Soils by Brady and Weil
Image source:Plant Biologyby Graham, Graham and Wilcox
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Root Nodules
x
Image source:Plant Biologyby Graham, Graham and Wilcox
Mycorrhizae
PERENNIAL
LAYEREDPATCHY
POLY-CULTURA
L
Pawpaw
Pecan
Bayberry
NITROGEN DEPLETIO
N
NITROGEN
FIXATION
CROP HARVES
T
PERENNIALLAYERED
PATCHYPOLYCULTUR
ALSELF-
FERTILE
FOREST GARDEN DESIGN:CHOOSING
PLANTS
ANALYZE SITEWater – Soil – Wind – Slope
ANALYZE SITE
AlreadyHere:AMERICANPERSIMMON
ImprovedVariety:‘WONDERFUL’AMERICANPERSIMMON
RelatedPlant:KAKIPERSIMMON
AlreadyHere:BLACK WALNUT
ImprovedVariety:‘SAUBER’ BLACK WALNUT
RelatedPlant:BUTTERNUT
Already Here
HOW TO CHOOSE FOREST GARDEN PLANTS
Improved Varieties
Related To / Associated With
Fit Conditions
Create Conditions
YIELD GOALS
YIELD GOALS
PAWPAW
PAWPAW CUSTARD PIE
FOREST GARDEN DESIGN:POLYCULTURES
LAYERS AND NICHESWhat spaces are available for planting?
SYSTEM PLANTSInclude fertility plants and bug plants to support producers
No Yes
ROOM TO GROWLeave room for mature plants
No Yes
30-YEAR-OLDWILLOW OAK
SUNLIGHT ACCESSTaller plants to the north
No Yes
SHORT RUNNERS, TALL CLUMPERSGroup species that will not overwhelm each other
No Yes
POSITION FOR USEPlants for harvesting are accessible
No Yes
PHASING / SUCCESSIONPlan for changing niches as plants grow
No Yes
FOREST GARDEN POLYCULTURE DESIGN
SOUTH
FOREST GARDEN POLYCULTURE DESIGNFRUIT/NUT
SOUTH
FOREST GARDEN POLYCULTURE DESIGNFRUIT/NUTVEG/HERB
SOUTH
FOREST GARDEN POLYCULTURE DESIGNFRUIT/NUTVEG/HERBN-FIXER
SOUTH
FOREST GARDEN POLYCULTURE DESIGNFRUIT/NUTVEG/HERBN-FIXERMINER
SOUTH
FOREST GARDEN POLYCULTURE DESIGNFRUIT/NUTVEG/HERBN-FIXERMINERBUGS
SOUTH
PawpawPecan
Strawberry
FRUIT/NUT
PawpawPecan
StrawberryNodding
Onion
FRUIT/NUTVEG/HERB
PawpawPecan
WildBlue
Indigo
StrawberryNodding
Onion
FRUIT/NUTVEG/HERBN-FIXER
PawpawPecan
WildBlue
Indigo
StrawberryNodding
Onion
Com-frey
FRUIT/NUTVEG/HERBN-FIXERMINER
PawpawPecan
WildBlue
Indigo
Strawberry
AniseHyssop
NoddingOnion
Com-frey Green
& Gold
FRUIT/NUTVEG/HERBN-FIXERMINERBUGS
ELDERBERRY
CLOVE CURRANT
www.forested.us