A Plant Epidemiology Overview

Mike Jeger & Marco Pautasso*,Imperial College London

30 Nov 2009* marpauta at gmail.com

1. Invasion biology of plant pathogens2. Networks in plant epidemiology

3. Climate change and plant pathogens4. Models of plant epidemics

Photos: American Phytopathological Society, www.apsnet.org - Online Resources

Biodiversity of plant pathogens

Source: British Society for Plant Pathology, www.bspp.org.uk/

BSPP Photo Competition

Source: British Society for Plant Pathology, www.bspp.org.uk/

BSPP Photo Competition

(bis)

Caroline Mohammed, Univ. of Tasmania

& Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, INRA, France

A sample of plant pathologists

Anna-Liisa Laine, Helsinki Univ.

Xiaoyun Lu,Cornell Univ.

Joan Webber, Forest Res., UK Jennifer Parke,

Oregon State Univ.

Adrienne Hardham, Canberra Univ.

Yvonne Willi, ETHZ, CH

Mary Olsen, Univ. of Arizona

From Brown & Hovmøller (2002) Science

Examples of invasions of plant pathogens

Map from Brown & Hovmøller(2002) Science

Dispersal of the wheat yellow rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, in China.

Photo by Yue Jin, US Dept. of Agriculture

Network from Zaffarano et al. (2008) Molecular Ecology; Photo by Matthew Abang, ICARDA, Aleppo, Siria

Phylogeography of Rhynchosporium secalis

From Desprez-Loustau et al. (2007) Trends in Ecology & Evolution

Invasive fungal pathogens are a subset of invasive fungal species

From Vellinga et al. (2009) New Phytologist

Invasion biology of ectomycorrhizal species

From Vacher et al. (2008a, b) PLoS One + Diversity & Distributions

Antagonistic plant/fungus network based on a national inventory of parasitic fungi

step 1

step 2

step 3

step n

…

Simple model of disease spread in a directed network

pt probability of infection transmission

pp probability of infection persistence

… nnode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

From Ting et al. (2008) Global Ecology & Biogeography

Global patterns in fruiting seasons (season length vs. peak)

NSS

N

From Weber (2009) Erwerbsobstbau

Two apple pathogens likely to benefit from climate warming

Diplodia serrata Nectria galligena

From Butterworth et al. (2010) Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Predicted climate change effects on phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) on oilseed rape

Yield Yield loss

2050

2020

baseline baseline

2020

2050

Courtesy of Barbara Howlett, Univ. of Melbourne, Australia

From Ingram et al. (2008) Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Spatial scale, agriculture, and climate change

From Hannukkala et al. (2007) Plant Pathology

Early observations of potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Finland

days

aft

er p

lant

ing

From Garrett et al. (2009) Ecological Applications

Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Peru

From Haas et al. (2009) Nature

Genome sequencing for Phytophthora infestans, P. sojae and P. ramorum

From Smart & Fry (2001) Biological Invasions

Geographical distribution of the Phytophthora infestans mating types

From Archie et al. (2008) Trends in Ecology & Evolution

Questions addressed in (plant) epidemiology

From Klein et al. (2008) Environment and Development Economics

The basic SIR model

From Madden (2006) European Journal of Plant Pathology

SIR model with latency and static/dynamic host

From Laine & Hanski (2006) Journal of Ecology

Podosphaera plantaginis in SW-Finland (2001-04)

From Baranauskaite et al. (2008) Semdirbyste-Agriculture

Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) in Lithuania

Photo: Cornell University, USA

Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple

From Wikimedia Commons, based on data from Oesterreichische Agentur fuer Gesundheit und Ernaehrungssicherheit

Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) distribution (2008)

Fire blight epidemic development in Switzerland

From: Eidgenössisches Volkswirtschaftsdepartement, Swiss Confederation

2003 2007

19991995

From De Wolf & Isard (2007) Annual Review of Phytopathology

Stages of disease cycles considered by plant disease prediction models (1994–2006)

From Davelos & Jarosz (2004) Journal of Ecology

Life cycles for American chestnut

(a) without / (b) recovering from / (c) with epidemic of chestnut blight

(Cryphonectriaparasitica)

From Burdon & Thrall (2008) Evolutionary Applications

Pathogen evolution in agro-ecosystems

From Rodoni (2009) Virus Research

Emerging plant viruses

References

Dehnen-Schmutz K, Holdenrieder O, Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2010) Structural change in the international horticultural industry: some implications for plant health. Scientia Horticulturae 125: 1-15Harwood TD, Xu XM, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Shaw M (2009) Epidemiological risk assessment using linked network and grid based modelling: Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae in the UK. Ecological Modelling 220: 3353-3361 Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2008) Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 122: 111-126Jeger MJ, Pautasso M, Holdenrieder O & Shaw MW (2007) Modelling disease spread and control in networks: implications for plant sciences. New Phytologist 174: 179-197 MacLeod A, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Haines-Young R (2010) Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health. Food Security 2: 49-70 Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Disease spread in small-size directed networks: epidemic threshold, correlation between links to and from nodes, and clustering. J Theor Biol 260: 402-411Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Finley A, Dorigatti I, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Harwood T, Jeger MJ, Xu XM, Holdenrieder O & Pautasso M (2011) Networks in plant epidemiology: from genes to landscapes, countries and continents. Phytopathology 101: 392-403Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics & Evolution 11: 157-189Pautasso M (2010) Worsening file-drawer problem in the abstracts of natural, medical and social science databases. Scientometrics 85: 193-202Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755Pautasso M, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Jeger MJ (2010) The number of links to and from the starting node as a predictor of epidemic size in small-size directed networks. Ecological Complexity 7: 424-432 Pautasso M, Xu XM, Jeger MJ, Harwood T, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Pellis L (2010) Disease spread in small-size directed trade networks: the role of hierarchical categories. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 1300-1309Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280Xu XM, Harwood TD, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Spatio-temporal analysis of an invasive plant pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) in England and Wales. Ecography 32: 504-516