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Not 100 % genuine slides, took from a couple of sources --> credits to those sources. #important thing is students are able to learn conveniently BIOLOGY GCE O level Syllabus NOTE: NEED TO DOWNLOAD BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY MANY ANIMATIONS THAT HIDE SOME OF THE CONTENT
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Prepared By:Faiz Abdullah
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS
1) Cell2) Tissues3) Organs4) Systems5) Organis
mBLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Unicellular organism
No part of the cell is far from the external environment
EASY O2 + nutrients can go into the cell easily
Multicellular organism
Many cells are far from the outside environment!
HARD diffusion alone is not enough to bring materials into these cells
UNICELLULAR VS MULTICELLULAR
THAT IS WHY WE NEED A TRASNPORT SYSTEM!!
In humans,
Circulatory system transports blood to and from all parts of the body.
Thus it functionally connects the aqueous environment of all body cells to organs specialized for exchanging gases, absorbing nutrients and disposing waste.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. It carries oxygen and food to all cells in the body
2. It carries waste away from the cells of the body
HUMAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
The human circulatory system consists of three parts:
THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
An organ that pumps blood around the body
Blood vessels
A network of tubesTo carry blood around the body
Blood
A liquid that transports materials
Arteries Capillaries Veins
Humans Closed circulatory system
Direction of blood flow:
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
Arteries Capillaries Veins
Pumps bloodto
Back to
Backflow does Not happen VALVES
Prevents backfl ow of blood
VALVE
picture
ARTERIES
Arteries receive blood directly from heartNarrow lumenFlow of blood fast + at high pressureThus, The walls of the arteries are THICK, MUSCULAR and ELASTIC to withstand the pressure.- Elastic enables arteries to stretch and recoil, which
pushes blood in spurts and gives rise to pulse- Blood moves along the arteries by contraction and
relaxation of muscles in the walls.
Arteries branch into smaller vessels arterioles (smallest), which connects to the smallest blood vessel, capillaries
ARTERIES
Veins carry blood towards the heartBlood pressure is lower than in arteriesBlood flows more slowly and smoothly Thin layer of
wall and elastic tissueHave internal valves
Waste products are brought back to the heart when capillaries join to form VENULES
VEINS
ARTERY VS VEIN
The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veins
the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick
they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.
The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.
CHARACTERISTICS
ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES
Direction of blood flow
Carries blood from heart organs
Carries blood from organs blood
Carries blood from arterioles venules
Valves Absent except in pulmonary artery
Present Absent
Size of wall Thick Thin A single layer of cells
Layer of elastic and muscle tissue
Thick Thin Absent
Oxygen content Oxygenated except pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated except pulmonary vein
Oxygenated arterioleDeoxygenated venule
Color Red Bluish-red Bluish-red
Location Deep in muscle Nearer to body surface
Inside all tissues
BREATHING TAKING IN AND OUT OF AIR
What is happening inside the lungs?
air sac in the lung
air sac in the lung
oxygen
air sac in the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen
air sac in the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin
air sac in the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin
3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down
air sac in the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin
3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down
oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body
oxygen is used for respiration
air sac in the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin
3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down
oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body
oxygen is used for respiration
4 the haemoglobin in the red cells goes back to the lungs to pick up more oxygen
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
Remember this!
DIAGRAM
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
LUNGS
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Body
Right Ventricle
Right Atrium
Pulmonary Circulation
HeartLungsHeart
Systemic Circulation
HeartBodyHeart
Low pressure circulation Walls of the right ventricle are thinner and less muscular than left ventricle
High pressure circulation
Blood has to be pumped to the furthest part of the body
Blood passes the heart twiceWHY DOUBLE CIRCULATION?
THE HUMAN HEART Source of life <3
THE HUMAN HEART
The human heart has four chambers – two smaller chambers (atria) and two large chambers (ventricles)
A muscular wall down the middle SEPTUM, divides the heart into right half and left half to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
The Heart
These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart.
This is a vein. It brings blood from the body, except the lungs.
Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply
The heart has four chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
The Heart
Left Ventricle
Left AtriumRight Atrium
Right Ventricle
valve
Vein from Lungs
Artery to Head and BodyArtery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
valve
How does the Heart work?
blood from the body
blood from the lungs
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
STEP ONE
The atria then contract and
the valves open to allow
blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?
STEP TWO
How does the Heart work?
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again filling with
blood.The cycle then repeats itself.
STEP THREE
SUMMARY
Chambers of the heart, made up of cardiac muscles, contract in pairs
Deoxygenated blood from two anterior vena cavae and a posterior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
enters
Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein arising from the lungs
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Blood travels through the aorta to be distributed to other parts of body
entersRemember:Happen simultaneously
VALVES
MEMORIZE
LUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUP
HEARTBEAT
HEARTBEAT
HEARTBEAT
DIASTOLE SYSTOLE
• Heart expands• Muscles of ventricle relax• Bicuspid and tricuspid valves open• Arterial valves open• Blood heart
• Heart contracts• Muscles of ventricle
contract• Bicuspid and tricuspid
valves close• Arterial valves open• Blood lungs & body
Each time a heart beats, it sets up a wave of pressure called a pulse wave along the main arteries
PULSE
STETHOSCOPE – MEASURE HEARTBEAT
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Diseases of the heart and the blood vessels
Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries)
Artherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries)
EXAMPLES
Occurs when coronary arteries become clogged less blood flows through and parts of heart muscles do not get suffi cient blood
Fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries make them
narrow atherosclerosisAtherosclerosis progresses graduallyCoronary artery becomes more and more clogged and
may eventually get blocked coronary occlusion
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
In coronary occlusion, the blood flow in the artery stops and so does the supply of oxygen and nutrients
CORONARY OCCLUSION
HEART ATTACK WHEN ONE OR MORE CORONARY ARTERIES
BECOME BLOCKED
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
ATHEROSCLEROSIS VS ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Unbalanced diet Stress, lack of exercise, smoking
CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE
Reduce consumption of items rich in fats and cholesterol
Eat more heart-healthy foodStay within ideal weight range by eating right dietExercise regularlyDon’t smokeReduce stress
PREVENTION
componentsBLOOD
WHAT IS BLOOD MADE UP OF?
Red blood cells White blood cells PlateletsPlasmaBreakdown products of digestion, such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Dissolved mineral saltsCarbon dioxideUreahormones
TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Plasma
55%
Blood cells
45%
WHAT IS PLASMA?
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which carries everything else.
Plasma is a straw-yellow coloured liquidIf everything in plasma was removed, plasma
would look like this
Nutrients
Waste products
Dissolved gases
Hormones
SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED BY THE PLASMA
Amino Acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol
Urea, ammonia, bile pigments
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen
Insulin, oestrogen, testosterone
WHAT DO THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF BLOOD LOOK
LIKE UNDER A MICROSCOPE?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
WHAT IS THE JOB OF RED BLOOD CELLS?
They have a round, fl at disc shape for a large surface area
They do not have a nucleusThey contain haemoglobin
which combines with oxygen in areas of high concentration to form oxyhaemoglobin
Oxygen + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin
Red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells of the body for use in respiration
WHAT DO WHITE BLOOD CELLS DO?
White blood cells help the body to fight invading bacteria
White blood cells will engulf and ingest invading bacteria
OTHER IMPORTANT JOBS OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
They produce antibodies which can recognise and fi ght bacteria
They produce antitoxins which neutralise the toxins (poisons) that bacteria produce, which make us feel ill
WHAT DO PLATELETS DO?
Platelets are fragments of cells The job of platelets is to help blood clot and form a
scabThe platelets are involved in the formation of fibrin,
which is needed for clotting bloodThis is useful for stopping bleeding, and for
preventing germs from entering the body through the cut
SUMMARY OF THE COMPOSITION OF BLOOD