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Learn the basics of thermochemical equations, enthalpy changes and standard enthalpy of formation.
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Enthalpy and Calorimetry
Reactions Based on Energy Profiles
1. Endothermic Reaction2. Exothermic Reaction
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Endothermic Reaction
1. Reaction which absorbs or requires an amount of energy to proceed.
2. The total energy of the products are higher than the total energy of the reactants.
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Exothermic Reaction
1. Reaction which releases an amount of energy.
2. The total energy of the products are lower than the total energy of the reactants.
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Enthalpy
• Less familiar property of a system• Defined as
H = enthalpy, P = pressuresys
E = internal energy, V = volumesyswww.reaabuan.com/
blog/Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Enthalpy is an example of a state
function
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Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
So let’s define what is a state function first
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State Functions
• These are properties of the system that are dependent ONLY on the state of the system. • They are not dependent on the
WAY the system came to be in that given state (pathway)
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
State Functions
• Expressed as capital letterse.g. Enthalpy, internal energy, Gibbs Free Energy, entropy, temperature, pressure, volume
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State Functions
Enthalpy ΔH, Internal energy ΔE,
Gibbs Free Energy ΔG, Entropy ΔS,
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State Functions
Temperature (Tf – Ti),
Pressure (Pf – Pi),
Volume (Vf –Vi)
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Think of it this way
You and your friend agreed to meet at a coffee shop near your school after an hour.
You’re both coming from your house.
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Think of it this way
You went directly into the coffee shop after an hour. Your friend
took a detour to her house to pick up something before going to the
coffee shop.
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Think of it this way
Your final destination is the same. Your initial position is the
same as well. Think of state functions that way. Their values are independent of the pathway.
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
So going back to enthalpy
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Enthalpy change, ΔH
• is defined as the quantity of heat transferred to or away from the system during a chemical reaction (physical change)
NOTE: system must have constant pressure and mole.
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Enthalpy change, ΔH
enthalpy of the reaction
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Enthalpy change, ΔH
Type of Reaction Enthalpy Change
EndothermicΔH > 0
(positive)
ExothermicΔH < 0
(negative)
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Take note that these changes occur when P =
constant.
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Now, remember that we cannot measure heat
directly.
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Experimentally, heat associated with
chemical reactions are measured using
calorimetry
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So let’s discuss calorimetry.
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Calorimetry
is the science of measuring the change in the temperature of the system when it absorbs or
releases energy as heat.
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Ok, one more time.
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Calorimetry
1. Measures the temperature change of a body (note: you should know its specific heat)
2. The temperature change happens due to either absorption or release of energy from the body.
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
The calorimeter!
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Before we continue, take
note of the requirement for
calorimetry
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Remember? There should be a
contant pressure.
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Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
• used for measuring qp (heat at constant temperature) for solution reactions
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Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
• used for measuring ΔHrxn as well, at constant pressure.
NOTE: ΔHrxn ≠ qp
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
You want to use a cat in chemical
calculation?
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Calorimetry Equations Based on
1. Heat transfer involving pure substances (pure water only)
2. Heat transfer involving mixed system (the whole calorimeter)
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For Pure Substances
where q = heat absorbed /releasedm=mass (g)c = specific heat capacity (J/g⁰C)ΔT = change in temperature
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For Mixed System
where q = heat absorbed /releasedC = heat capacity (J/⁰C)ΔT = change in temperature
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Let’s check an example
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A 3.0 g copper was heated from 20°C to 80°C. How much energy was used to heat Cu? (Specific heat capacity of Cu is 24
J/mol °C)
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Given Values:
Mass = 3.0 gramsTinitial =20⁰C
Tfinal = 80 ⁰C
c = 24 J / mol ⁰C
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Solution:
1. Find the value of ΔTΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial
ΔT = 80 ⁰C – 20⁰C ΔT = 60 ⁰C
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Solution:
2. Solve for qq = mc ΔT q = (3.0 g) (24 J /mol ⁰C) (20⁰C)q =1440 J or 1.44 kJ
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Now, we can calculate ΔH rxn
using qp
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Ahm, where’s the cat? meow
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Just remember that in
calorimetry, no heat flows out of the calorimeter
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The entire system is adiabatic.qsystem = 0
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Remember this qcal + qH2O = qrxn
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Writing down each equation
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Writing down each equation
or
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Oh crap, there are 4 equations!
Nosebleed
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Chill down a bit. We’ll go through examples for you.
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When 5.35 kJ of heat is added to a calorimeter containing 23.00 g of water the temperature rises from 14.00oC to 29.55oC. Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter in J/oC. The specific heat of water is
4.184 J/g oC.
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Given Values are..
qrxn = 5.35 kJmass water = 23.0 gTi = 14.00 ⁰ CTf = 29.55 ⁰ Cc water = 4.184 J/g oC
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Solve for the change in temperature
ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial
ΔT = 29.55 ⁰C – 14.00 ⁰C ΔT = 15.55 ⁰C
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Find qwater
qwater = mc ΔT
qwater = (23.0 g) (4.184 J/g oC) (15.55⁰C)
qwater =1496 J or 1.496 kJ
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Recall this qcal + qH2O = qrxn
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Recall this qcal + qH2O = qrxn
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1.496 kJ 5.35 kJ
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Solving for qcal
qcal = qrxn - qH2O
qcal = 5.35 kJ - 1.496 kJ
qcal = 3.854 kJ
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Recall again
where q = heat absorbed /releasedC = heat capacity (J/⁰C)ΔT = change in temperature
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Calculating the heat capacity
qcal
Rearranging,
C = 3.854 kJ / 15.55 ⁰C C = 0.2478 kJ / ⁰C
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Let’s end here. Check out the exercises on my blog.
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Prepared: Kemikal Drills by Rea Abuan 2014
Also, check the tutorial videos of problem solving on my blog.
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Until the next post!
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