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Sociological ConceptsStudy Unit 2
By C. Settley
Society defined page 8 in reader
organisational system within which man gives expression to his social nature by interaction with his fellow men.
group of human beings who interact with one
major interests which usually include self-maintenance
Characteristics of a society page 8 in reader
Definite territory Continuity of relationships A functioning group Sexual reproduction A comprehensive culture Independence
Community defined Is part of a society. A subgroup with many of the
characteristics of society. But is restricted to certain groups within
the larger society. It is the smallest group with a common /
shared way of life.
Characteristics of a Commuinity page 8 in reader
A common territory Special bonds of unit Community feeling Provision of institutions & organisations
Interaction between urban and Rural areasChapter 5, page 10 in reader
Interaction in the country takes place to a greater or lesser degree depending on factors such as distance, rivers, mountains etc. nature of soil and availability of raw materials.
Town is supplied with raw materials from the country. Finished articles which are made in town from these
raw materials are supplied to town markets There is always interaction between urban and rural There’s more social interaction between rural and
urban due to the development of roads, motor and air transport, there’s more social interaction
Interaction between urban and Rural areasContinued
People from towns can more easily visit urban areas and vice versa
Fast disapearance of the old rural community, which was isolated, static and tradition bound, amongst the whites
Black population from the rural take some time before the impact of towns will be felt
The development of boarder industries is bringing urbanisation to more of the black people than in the past.
Figure 1: A simplified view of the urban-rural interrelationship.(Graphic: Stig Enemark.)
Urban and Rural areas
Urban area Rural area
Main differences page 12 in reader
Rural (country)
More homogenous Personal relationships are more
real Far more social control,
customary norms Less social mobility Less changes in the rural area
with regard to political and religious affiliations
Rural areas show more stability and generally more conservatism
Less diversity of occupations Higher birth rate Lower divorce rate Lower suicide rate
Urban (town)
Heterogenes (mixed) Status plays a big role in
townfewer personal relationships in town
Low social control. Social mobility higher, more fluid Political &religious affiliations are
viewed with more tolerance. More social change. Greater diversity of occupations. Lower birth rate Higher divorce rate Higher suicide rate
Why is the knowledge of rural and urban communities important to the nurse?DISCUSSION
(See reader, page 13)
Informal settlementsFactors contributing to informal settlements
Depopulation of the platteland and the Rapid urbanisation, Lack of work in the rural areas Hope/belief that things will be better in the
town When they arrive they find there is no
housing, usually no work. Leads to poverty / unemployment.
Factors contributing to informal settlementsContinued
Lack of education and skills for what work might be available.
These people find an area of vacant land and start to build some form of shelter with bits of wood, plastic, odd pieces of corrugated iron and other buildings materials they can find
Almost overnight there is a squatter camp, eg Joe Slovo in Langa, Cape Town
Physical, psychological and social consequences of informal settlements Usually no water, no sanitation facilities , no health services
- the scene is set for health problems. Also as a result of overcrowding, lack of disposal of refuse,
no proper shelter, especially bad in Western Cape Winter colds, no work, no food.
Local municipalities have a very difficult problem trying to cope with health hazards of such situations
Including epidemics, many sick children, street children, etc. Some areas there are more squatter huts than conventional
houses Planned informal settlements – at least some from of
communal water supply and some type of sanitation is arranged. Mobile clinics supply some from of health service.
References Stig Enemark University of Aalborg,
Denmark. Retrieved on 07/08/2014 on website: http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub33/figpub33.htm
http://blackbusinessnow.com/author/gillian-nanton/