Spiral Magnetic Gradient

Motor: Axial & Radial Magnets

Thomas Valone, PhD, PE

Integrity Research Institute

Vigier Symposium, Morgan State Univ., November 19, 2014

http://www.NoeticAdvancedStudies.us/index9.html

Credit: Tom

Schum for

this 4” spiral

stator

construction

II met Vigier in 2002

at Swiss Weinfelden

conference

sponsored by the Inst.

of New Energy

Technology (INET)

Here Prof. Vigier

shows Lithium-7

and a proton will

yield “more than

400% excess

energy” producing

hydrogen and a

gamma ray

Weinfelden Conference

summary is online

Key to Future Energy Sources:

Gradients are the Requisite Means

• Thermal gradient is used for heat pump

• Voltage gradient is used for electrical power

• Gravity gradient is used for hydroelectric power

• Pressure gradient used for natural gas and water

pumping

• Magnetic gradient from inhomogeneous

permanent magnets is used for nothing so far

except in physics labs for experiments

Net Force in the

direction of gradient

= the magnetic field

gradient multiplied

by the induced

magnetic moment,

as with the Stern-

Gerlach Experiment

Hartman Patent #4,215,330

Side View

10 degree incline

drop-off

--Modern Physics, Schaumm’s Outline Series, Gautreau et al., McGraw Hill, 1978

Their experimental setup: The magnetic field B is more

intense near the pointed surface at the top than near the flat

surface below, creating a slope in a graph of B vs. z ,

which is the gradient dB/dz.

Steel ball

bearing #4

Top View

Fz

z

Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields =

Magnetic Gradient

Two experimental examples that utilize the magnetic field gradient

Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM)

Uses the Magnetic Gradient

Popular Science, June 1979

Hartman Patent 4,215,330

d

dBMF cos

dz

dBFZ cos z

In both cases cos Φ is angle between

magnetic moment and B

Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM) Archimedean spiral is used

for SMM stator magnets

where r = 6 + θ/2 and B(r) is

linearly dependent on θ

6”

Creates a constant torque for

more than 75% of each cycle

F = U where U = M ∙ B and

        r rU M B M B

        r rU M B M B

Resultant force is the vector sum of the tangential (θ) and the centripetal (r)

Spring

Latch

overshoot

Multi-Stage SMM

Three-Six Magnet SMM

Mirror Image Impacting SMM

SMM Governing Equations

r

BM

B

r

MF rr

Fr

BMT r x

2

21 EU oE

o

B

BU

2

21

For a maximum B field in air of 20 kG

(2 Tesla), UB = 2 MJ/m3 (megajoules)

For a maximum E field in air of

3 MV/m, UE = 40 J/m3

(2,000,000 = 40 X 50,000)

Maximize radial B field (Br) for maximum torque*

0

ENERGY DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS: B-FIELD = 50K x E-FIELD

dTW

*So this paper will include the Radial Magnetic Field models

Experimental Results

Six SMM

designs were

tested: 1, 3, 4,

6, 10” rotors

kG

▲ = rotor, ♦ = stator magnetic flux density

Spiral Magnetic Motor Angular Velocity

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0.4 0.8 1.6 2.4 3 3.8 4.6

Angular Displacement (radians)

An

gu

lar

Velo

cit

y (

rad

/sec)

1" rotor

3" rotor

4" rotor

6" rotor

10" rotor

Poly. (4" rotor)

Polynomial Fit

0 90⁰ 180⁰ 270⁰ - - degrees

- - -Data acquisition limit- - -

315° is latch

point

315/360 = 88%

3” rotor

SMM ANGULAR VELOCITY

Measuring Back Torque

Ohaus linear force scale +/- 1 N

Peak KE, Back Torque, Mass, B-Field

5 Rotors Tested: 1.25”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 10”

10” rotor:

0.80 Joules

Highest KE

Phototransistor detail

Peak Values:

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Angular Displacement (degrees)

10"

Roto

r T

orq

ue (

N-m

)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

10" R

oto

r P

ote

nti

al E

nerg

y (

J)

0 90 180 270 360

Rotor Torque and Potential Energy for One Cycle

Torque Measurement T=rxF

dTW

Positive

Work

Region

Negative Work Region

315°

Positive work required to

move latched rotor at 315° to

end (starting point) at 360° :

W = 0.52 Joules

which is less than 0.80 J KE

10” rotor tests

88%

Prof. Eric Laithwaite’s Suggestion

for Increased Torque

Place metal plate of particular permeability underneath rotor in order to produce:

Favorable Hysteresis Currents

Laithwaite Eric, Propulsion Without Wheels, English Univ. Press, 1970

Hysteresis is Lag Response –

Depends on Permeability and

Resistivity*

teH

B

2

81

Designing the Growth of Eddy Currents to Match Rotation Speed

teH

B

2

81 )4/( 2

*Bozorth, Ferromagnetism, J. Wiley & Sons, 2003

ρ = resistivity, µ = permeability, δ = thickness of plate, H field is suddenly applied

Choosing aluminum or copper for example, the permeability will be the same as free

space (µo = 4π × 10-7), which is very low and the resistivity is also low. Choosing an

aluminum plate that is about a centimeter (1 cm) thick would also be a good choice

since the thickness of the sheet "delta" is squared and also in the numerator. Altogether,

the calculation shows a relatively slow build-up over a tenth of a second and only

about 30% at a millisecond after the stator field magnet is applied to the rotating disk,

which is in keeping with a delayed eddy current that would push instead of retard the

changing flux as is normally expected from Lenz’ Law.

Wiegand wires are FeCoV bistable

Vicalloy metal with 2 regions

US 1973 patent # 3,757,754

Used for years for auto ignitions

Provides repeatable magnetic pulse

Pop. Science Wiegand causes Barkhausen avalanche of magnetic domain alignment

Inverse

magnetostrictive (MS)

effect combined with a

piezoelectric material

(PZT) and voltage

MS-PZT

coil

IEEE Trans on Magnetics, V. 43, N. 8, 2007

Switching Actuation for SMM

Piezo actuator can

move ½ lb object

repeatedly with only

voltage from

Smart-Materials.com

0.12 mH ultra-minature

coil inductor is a simple

pulse generator

New Radial Magnet Rotor

Dual V-Track Design

Note: former STATOR magnets are now on the ROTOR and a

single pair of magnets are on the movable stator above.

Radial V-Track Stator Magnet

Conclusion

• SMM designs now provide almost 90%

permanent magnet powered cycle

• Actuation needed for switching magnetic

fields during last 10%

• Many energy harvesting means for

powering actuation now have emerged to

make this long-sought-after goal

achievable

• Details provided in paper