Respiratory System

Structure

Specialised Tissues

Anatomy

Anatomy structure: The mouth allows the air and food

to enter the body. The nose a passage way for the air

to go the lungs. The trachea connects the larynx

(voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs and it provides air flow to and from the lungs for respiration.

The lungs gas exchange between blood and the air. It provides us oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

The bronchi are the air ways to the lungs. There are two bronchi for each lung.

The bronchioles are the end of the small air way in the lungs.

Alveoli are bunches of tiny air sacks inside the lungs.

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Columnar tissue

Ciliated epithelium are found in the trachea they stretch down the throat catching the dust and harmful particles that people breathe in then waft it back up to the mouth where it is either spat out or swallowed.

Cartilage

Cartilage rings are found surrounding the wide pipe they stop the throat from closing and the person from suffocating.

Physiology

Process of Breathing Inspiration & Expiration

Process of Gas Exchange Alveoli & Diffusion

Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the lungs.

Diaphragm is a muscle under your lungs. It helps the air to move in and out of the body

Breathing in is also known as inspiration Breathing out also known as expiration

Breathing

The intercostal muscles contract, expanding the ribcage.

diaphragm contracts and moves down, to allow air to move into lungs

the pressure inside the chest decreases and air is sucked into the lungs.

Inspiration

Inhaling takes in oxygen

Diaphragm returns to normal shape, decreasing the volume of the chest.

Pressure inside the chest increases and air is pushed out of the lungs

Intercostal muscles relax, the ribcage drops inwards and downwards.

Expiration

Exhaling takes out carbon dioxide

Alveoli Alveoli are bunches of tiny air sacks inside the lungs.

Normal Alveoli

Damaged Alveoli

Features of Alveoli: Give the lungs big Surface Area Have Moist, thin walls Have lot of tiny blood vessels called

capillaries.

Diffusion

In Alveoli: Oxygen diffuses from the

air into blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses

from the blood into the air.

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration into an area of low concentration.

Pathology Asthma

Emphysema

Bronchitis

Cystic Fibrosis

AsthmaAsthma is along term condition, it is an example of a localised allergic reaction, affecting the airways. This effects 10% of the world’s population.

Symptoms: Wheezing Shortness of breath A tight chest Coughing

Inhalers: This is a devices that is used to deliver medication straight to the lungs when breathing in. This is a good way to take asthma medication because it goes straight to the lungs. This is used to open up the bronchi.

When symptoms get worse, it is known asthma attack. this is when the bronchi and bronchioles and constricted and lined with extra mucus so air cannot pass through them so you cannot breathe well. Signs of this include above symptoms becoming severely worse, increase in heart rate and faster breathing.

Spacers:Spacers are plastics, hollow containers (sometimes metal) which a mouth hole one end and a hole for the inhaler on the other end. This can work better than an inhaler because the medication has easier asses to the lungs and less sticks to your mouth

Treatment: Inhales and Spacers

Emphysema overs a period of time damages and stretches the air sacs in the lungs. This means it is hard for them to breathe in fresh air containing oxygen, leaving patients short of breathe. 1 in 5 smokers develop this.

Symptoms: Coughing Shortness of breathe Wheezing A bluish skin colouration

Emphysema

Treatment: This disease will not disappear although it

can be helped. The main treatment is giving up smoking. This will stop further damage to the lungs.

Oxygen- this is in serve cases. some may only need a small amount of oxygen occasionally. This could be tanks of oxygen and a face mask. Other may have to have tubes replaced with oxygen machines to assist breathing.

Tablets- some people are prescribed drugs to help open their airways and to help with shortness of breathe.

Bronchitis

Home treatment: Getting lots of rest Drinking lots of fluids to thin mucus

and prevent dehydration Paracetamol and ibuprofen. this helps

fever, headache and aches Stopping smoking

Bronchitis is an infection affecting the main airway in the lungs, causing irritation and inflammation.

Symptoms: Sore throat Headache Runny or blocked nose Aches and pains Tiredness

Medication:A medication can be given to make it easier to cough up mucus.

Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis is a genetic condition which clogs the lungs and digestive system with thick mucus.

Symptoms: Coughing Large, oily and smelly feces Gaining weight Diabetes can develop Swelling and pain in joints Infertility

Treatment: Medication- antibiotics- mannitol

powder Insulin for those who develop

diabetes