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Promoting a culture of preprinting in biology
Jessica PolkaDirector, ASAPbio
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 1
ASAPbio is a researcher-driven project to promote the productive use of preprints in the life sciences.
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 2
• Convening meetings• Advocating for policies
on preprints• Distributing information• Supporting community
discussions
ASAPbio.org#ASAPbio
A preprint is a manuscript posted online before completion of journal-organized peer review
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 3
Benefits of preprints
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 4
• Compatible with journals• Helps scientists demonstrate recent productivity• Enables earlier & broader feedback• Accelerates communication of scientific results• Low barrier to sharing: negative results, etc• Potential for innovation: open, versioned publications that implicitly
interoperate with other services (ie journals)
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 5
arXiv: 100,000 manuscripts per year
Preprint servers have existed for 25 years
In Biology
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 6
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figshare (filtered by PrePubMed)Preprints.org (articles/reviews in bio/life/med)Nature Precedings (manuscripts, from search results)The WinnowerF1000 ResearchPeerJ Preprints (bio/med/life)bioRxiv (from bioRxiv)arXiv (q-bio w/cross-lists, from arxiv.org stats)
Version 1 | asapbio.org
Preprints are taking off in biology
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio7
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PubMed 2015 average: ~66,700 articles/month https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/bsd_key.html
Rate of preprinting: ~1%
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio
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Larivière et al 2013 (arXiv)
PubMed 2015 average: ~66,700 articles/month https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/bsd_key.html
Rate of preprinting: ~1%
Physics vs. biology
• Competition
• Difficulty of reproduction
• Historic precedent
• Culture
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 9
* https://www.nsf.gov/funding/funding-rates.jsp?org=MPS** https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2015/06/29/what-are-the-chances-of-getting-funded/
NSF 2016 Astronomy
22%*NSF 2016 Physics
33%*NIH 2014 RPG
18.1% **
Funding rates
Math vs. HEP vs. Cond-mat
ArXiv has operated since 1991
Paul Ginsparg, founder of arXiv on scooping:
“It can’t happen, since arXiv postings are accepted as date-stamped priority claims.
Eventually I came to understand that biologists do not use “scoop” in the standard journalistic sense… Instead “scooping” in the context of biology research appears to mean using information or ideas without proper attribution.”
http://asapbio.org/preprint-info/preprint-faq
The cycle of cultural change
Cultural Capital
Behavioral intention
• Attitudes• Values• Beliefs
Adapted from Knott, Muers, Aldridge, 2008. Achieving Culture Change: A Policy Framework. UK Cabinet Office Strategy Unit.
Behavioral path
Behavioral norm
BehaviorBehavioral
drivers
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 10
The cycle of cultural change
Cultural Capital
Behavioral intention
• Attitudes• Values• Beliefs
Adapted from Knott, Muers, Aldridge, 2008. Achieving Culture Change: A Policy Framework. UK Cabinet Office Strategy Unit.
Behavioral path
Behavioral norm
BehaviorBehavioral
drivers
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 11
“Preprints are dangerous”
“I’m going to get scooped”
“Journals won’t accept preprints”
Objection from
advisors etc
“No one will see it”
Low awareness of
preprints
“No one I know preprints”
The cycle of cultural change
Cultural Capital
Behavioral intention
• Attitudes• Values• Beliefs
Behavioral path
Behavioral norm
BehaviorBehavioral
drivers
• Enable• Information/awareness• Capacity/Infrastructure
• Encourage• Incentives• Requirements• Recognition
• Engage• Co-production• Fora• Networks
• Exemplify• Consistency• Leading by example
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 12
Adapted from Knott, Muers, Aldridge, 2008. Achieving Culture Change: A Policy Framework. UK Cabinet Office Strategy Unit.
The cycle of cultural change
Cultural Capital
Behavioral intention
• Attitudes• Values• Beliefs
Behavioral path
Behavioral norm
BehaviorBehavioral
drivers
• Enable• Information/awareness• Capacity/Infrastructure
• Encourage• Incentives• Requirements• Recognition
• Engage• Co-production• Fora• Networks
• Exemplify• Consistency• Leading by example
Increasing visibility
Asapbio.org: FAQ, tracking
policies
Promoting preprint
infrastructure & standardsFunder/
institutional policy
#ASAPbio, transparency, Ambassadors
Senior scientists
CC-BY @jessicapolka. #ASAPbio 13
Similarity to conference
talks/posters
Preprint journal clubs in curricula
Adapted from Knott, Muers, Aldridge, 2008. Achieving Culture Change: A Policy Framework. UK Cabinet Office Strategy Unit.