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Prepared By: Priyanka Florina Course name : Physiology -II University name : University of Asia Pacific department :Pharmacy Score: 10 out of 10
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WELCOME
THYROID GLAND: ITS PROBLEMS,SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENTS
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GROUP MEMBERS
NAME REGISTRATION NO
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MAHRAZ NAZNIN 12103004
MARSIA TAHSIN 12103021
RACHANA SARKAR 12103022
SUSMITA GHOSH 12103023
FURHATUN –NOOR 12103048
PRIYANKA FLORINA KARMOKAR 12103050
TAJRIAN RAHMAN 12103059
OBJECTIVES
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What is Thyroid Gland?
Anatomy of Thyroid Gland
Functions of Thyroid Gland
Disorders of Thyroid Gland
Causes of Thyroid diseases
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Summary
WHAT IS THYROID GLAND?
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The Thyroid Gland is one of the largest endocrine (meaning ductless) gland, which secretes its hormones directly into the bloodstream.
ANATOMY OF THYROID GLAND
Butterfly-shaped gland
that sits low on the front
of the neck.
Wraps around our
windpipe (trachea) like a
bow tie.
The small, two-inch gland
consists of two lobes, and
is well supplied with blood
vessels.
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Brownish-red in color, the thyroid is rich with blood vessels.
The thyroid tissue is made up of two types of cells: follicular cells and Para-follicular cells.
Most of the thyroid tissue consists of the follicular cells, which secrete iodine-containing hormones called Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3).
Hormones secreted by the thyroid are controlled by the pituitary glands, thyroid-stimulating hormone, which in turn is controlled by the hypothalamus.
FUNCTIONS OF THYROID GLANDS
Regulates the body's metabolism and
calcium balance.
The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every
tissue in the body to produce proteins and
increase the amount of oxygen used by
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THYROID DISORDERS
Around one in 20 people will experience some form of thyroid dysfunction in their lifetime.
Thyroid disease occurs when the thyroid gland doesn't supply the proper amount of hormones needed by the body.
Common problems include over activity (Hyperthyroidism)and under activity (Hypothyroidism) of the thyroid gland.
Thyroid disorders can range from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no treatment to life-threatening cancer.
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HYPERTHYROIDISM
overactive thyroid overproduction of the thyroid hormones T3
and T4. Most commonly caused by the
development of Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced which stimulate the thyroid to secrete excessive quantities of thyroid hormones.
The disease can result in the formation of a toxic goiter. 10
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTHYROIDSM
The signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism vary widely, depending on the severity of hormone deficiency.
Fatigue Mental fogginess and forgetfulness Feeling excessively cold Constipation Dry skin Diarrhea Muscle weakness 11
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Excessive or
prolonged menstrual
bleeding
Depression
Excessive sweating
Heat intolerance
Rapid heart rate
Weight loss
Tremors of hands
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TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Problems with thyroid hormone levels can be diagnosed with a simple blood test.
Hyperthyroid patients may be given anti-thyroid medication to reduce the amount of thyroid hormones made by the thyroid gland.
Some patients will recover relatively quickly and will only need occasional blood tests to keep check of thyroid hormone levels.
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TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Treatment may be tedious and complicated,
and may require surgery.
It could take up to a year or more to
stabilize thyroid function. This will depend
upon the severity, and type, of condition.
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HYPOTHYROIDISM Underactive thyroid
Releases too little T4 and T3 into the
bloodstream, causing the metabolism to slow
down too much.
The most common cause is Hashimoto’s
disease.
This is an autoimmune condition in which
white blood cells and antibodies attack the
thyroid gland.
If not treated, the metabolism will continue to
slow and will ultimately (in 10 to 15 years)
lead to death.
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
Typical symptoms are :
Decreased Basal Membrane Rate
Lethargy and fatigue
Feeling cold (even on warm days)
Unusual weight gain
Depression
Reduced concentration (brain fog) 16
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPORTHYROIDISM
Puffiness of the face
Hair loss
Dry skin
Constipation
Goiter
Decreased heat
production
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TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism is treated with hormone
replacement therapy, such as
Levothyroxine which is typically required
for the rest of the patient's life.
Thyroid hormone treatment is given under
the care of a physician and may take a few
weeks to become effective
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CRETINISM OR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Extreme hypothyroidism in fetal
life,infancy and childhood is called
cretinism.
Congenital thyroid hormone deficiency
leads to cretinism and impaired growth.
Irreversible condition. 19
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SYMPTOMS OF CRETINISM
Floppy infant
Thick, increased
tongue
Poor feeding
Constipation
Prolonged jaundice
Short physique20
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TREATMENT OF CRETINISM
Advanced diagnosis and life long cure with
thyroid hormone by mouth, afford the
child a better adventure of evolving
usually.
Newborns analyzed and treated in the first
month to month and a half typically
produce general intelligence.
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MYXEDEMA
Myxedema is the term used to describe the hypothyroidism in adult.
Reversible condition.
Bagginess of eyes Swelling of face Constipation Physical slowness
SYMPTOMS
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TREATMENT OF MYXEDEMA
Medication to replace
the reduced thyroid
hormones.
Such as levothyroixine
are prescribed at low
dosage .
Until hormone levels
stabilize in the normal
range.
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GOITER
An enlargement of the thyroid gland A shortage of iodine in the diet is a
common cause of goiter, especially in areas where the soil has little iodine.
If a person’s diet is too low in iodine, the pituitary keeps sending chemical messages to the thyroid, but without effect.
attempting to make more thyroid hormone, the gland gets larger and larger.
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GOITER This is also common with underactive
thyroids, as the pituitary attempts to speed them up.
Overactive thyroids can also produce goitres because their overactivity is often due to overstimulation.
Goiter is two types:
Endemic colloid goiter
Idiopathic nontoxic colloid goiter 25
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ENDEMIC COLLOID GOITER
This type of goiter occurred specially in certain areas due to insufficient iodine present in the food stuffs.
Other causes: Being over 40 Being Female Having a family history of goiter Living in an area where there is
endemic iodine deficiency
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SYMPTOMS OF ENDEMIC COLLOID GOITER
Breathing difficulty
Dizziness when the
arms are raised above
the head.(large goiter)
Enlarged neck veins.
Swallowing difficulties.
Thyroid swelling
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TREATMENT
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is prescribed for iodine deficiency.
If one can increase the iodine content of diet, thyroid hormone replacement therapy is no longer needed.
If the goiter producing too much thyroid hormone, treatment may be needed with: Anti thyroid medication Radioactive iodine surgery
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IDIOPATHIC NON TOXIC COLLOID GOITER
An enlargement of thyroid gland similar to
endemic colloid goiter.
There is no iodine deficiency.
The T4 may be low or normal along with signs
and symptoms of mild thyroditis.
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SYMPTOMS
The main symptom is a swollen thyroid gland.
The size may range from a single small nodule to a large neck lump.
The swollen thyroid can put pressure on the windpipe and esophagus which can lead to; Cough Hoarseness Swallowing difficulties Breathing difficulties(rarely) 30
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TREATMENT
Radioactive iodine to shrink the gland, particularly if the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone.
Surgery to remove all part of the hormone.
Thyroid hormones supplements.
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THYROID CANCER Cancer of the thyroid gland is quite
rare and occurs in less than 10% of thyroid nodules.
In most cases, thyroid cancer presents as a painless mass in the neck.
It is very unusual for thyroid cancers to present with symptoms, unless they have been neglected.
One may be able to feel a hard nodule in the neck.
Surgery, radiation, and hormone treatments may be used to treat thyroid cancer. 32
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THYROID NODULE
A small abnormal mass or lump in the thyroid gland.
Some are groups of uncontrollably overactive thyroid cells. These are called ‘hot’ nodules and cause hyperthyroidism.
Other nodules are ‘cold’. These are generally harmless.
about 20 per cent will be cancerous. Hot nodules will generally be removed
surgically or destroyed with radioactive iodine. Cold nodules are frequently left alone and simply kept under observation.
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SUMMARY
The thyroid is an organ responsible for the production of thyroid hormones.
Thyroid hormones are essential to the regulation of metabolism and other functions of the body.
If thyroid hormone levels are not in a normal range, signs and symptoms of thyroid disease may occur.
In addition to the function of the gland, thyroid structural abnormalities may occur. Structural abnormalities range from benign to malignant.
Depending on the underlying problem, blood tests, imaging, and biopsy may be used to make a diagnosis.
Treatment depends on the particular thyroid disease present. 34
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REFERENCESText Book of Medical Physiology-By Guyton and HallAnatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness-By Ross and Wilson
Medical Physiology Book
Reflex
Wikipedia
Other Health and Medical links
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ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU