Positive technology 2017

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Designing digital experiences for posi2ve change

Persuasive Technology 2017, Amsterdam

Posi%ve Technology

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About me… Associate Professor of General Psychology

Dept. of Psychology, Università CaColica, Milan, Italy

Senior Researcher, Is2tuto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

Posi%ve technology

Cyberpsychology & cybertherapy

Human-‐computer interac%on

Interac%on design @gag4all

www.posi2vetechnology.it

[email protected]

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Contents 0 1 What is Posi-ve Technology?

0 2 Posi-ve technology in prac-ce 0 3 Future direc-ons

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What is Posi-ve Technology? 01

Get more global exposure Self confidence is the first key

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Designing e-‐experiences for posi-ve change

•  Posi2ve Technology aims at understanding how interac2ve technologies can increase people’s emo2onal, psychological and social wellbeing

•  It is all about designing digital experiences (e-‐experiences) that promote posi2ve personal change

•  Scien2fic findings from Posi2ve Psychology can inform the design of new technology-‐based interven2ons that support posi2ve emo2ons, flow, strengths and life meaning

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We are increasingly living in “digital ecosystems”

Computers have become a pervasive presence in our lives. The use of ICTs is not limited to the long hours that we spend at the office. Our free 2me, too, has been increasingly colonized by smartphones, tablets and wearable devices.

However…

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…is technology making us any happier?

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The challenge of Posi-ve Technology: can we design digital experiences to foster posi-ve personal change?

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Posi-ve technology: an interdisciplinary journey

Posi2ve psychology What are the

determinants of posi%ve change and mental

wellbeing?

Interac2on design How can we integrate

technology in wellbeing interven%ons?

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Neuroscience What are the neurocogni%ve changes induced by posi%ve experiences?

Art What can we learn from art in designing interac%ve media that induce posi%ve emo%onal experiences?

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Posi2ve emo2ons

Flow & engagement

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Crea2vity

Mental prac2ce

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Posi-ve technology: applica-ons

Social well-‐being (

Stress management !

Gaggioli A, Riva G, Peters D, Calvo R. A. (in press). Posi%ve technology, compu%ng, and design: Shaping a future in which technology promotes psychological wellbeing. In: Jeon M, (Ed.). Affec-ve sciences in human factors and human–computer interac-on. Amsterdam: Elsevier

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Posi-ve Technology in prac-ce 02


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The INTERSTRESS project

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Interreality in the Management and Treatment of Stress-‐Related Disorders

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INTERSTRESS: posi-ve technologies for stress assessment & management

Virtual Reality Simulates stressful situa2ons for teaching emo2onal coping

skills

Mobile apps Help the par2cipant prac2cing

stress management techniques on the go

Wearable sensors Collect psycho-‐physiological data for objec2ve assessment

of stress

Machine learning Develop personalized stress-‐

management interven2ons based on data collected in real life

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Stress: a modern pandemic

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Even minor daily stressors have a nega-ve impact on health…

There is a causal rela-onship between chronic stress and physical and psychological disorders

Increased risk is not only associated with severe stressors, but also with minor daily stressors

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Key challenges in the treatment of stress

Pa#ent may be not aware of the issue or may have problems in discussing it

Talking is not enough

It is related to personal, emo#onal and social issues

Assessment of acute stress is difficult

Pa#ent may be aware of the problems but lack the skills to solve them

Knowing is not doing

? ? ?

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? ? VR simula#ons of stressful situa#ons offer controlled emo#onal experiences that can be used to assess and empower the pa#ent

Virtual Reality

18 Virtual stressful scenarios for assessment and training

To validate the concept, we developed VR-‐stressful scenarios for two user popula-ons: teachers and nurses

19 Example of virtual stressful situa-ons

Gaggioli A., et al. (2014) Experien-al Virtual Scenarios With Real-‐Time Monitoring (Interreality) for the Management of Psychological Stress: A Block Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research (2014); 16(7):e167

20 Virtual stressful situa-ons: the “making of”

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Videos were recorded with real actors in professional studios and then imported into the virtual environment using NeuroVR

Watch demo: hdps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUlQ0JH6awI

21 Automa-c stress detec-on from cardio-‐respiratory ac-vity during VR exposure

Tartarisco G., Carbonaro N., Tonacci A., Bernava G. M., Arnao A., Crifaci G., Cipresso P., Riva G., Gaggioli A., De Rossi D., Tognej A., Pioggia G. Neuro-‐Fuzzy Physiological Compu-ng to Assess Stress Levels in Virtual Reality Therapy. Interac%ng with Computers (2015) 27 (5):521-‐533.

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Tartarisco G., Carbonaro N., Tonacci A., Bernava G. M., Arnao A., Crifaci G., Cipresso P., Riva G., Gaggioli A., De Rossi D., Tognej A., Pioggia G. (2015) Neuro-‐Fuzzy Physiological Compu-ng to Assess Stress Levels in Virtual Reality Therapy. Interac%ng with Computers. DOI:10.1093/iwc/iwv010

Automa-c stress detec-on from cardio-‐respiratory ac-vity during VR exposure

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Giakoumis D, Drosou A, Cipresso P, Tzovaras D, Gaggioli, A. et al. (2012) Using Ac-vity-‐Related Behavioural Features towards More Effec-ve Automa-c Stress Detec-on. PLoS ONE 7(9): e43571

Kinect-‐based recogni-on of stress-‐related gestures

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? Virtual Reality

The use of mobile phones and wearable biosensors allow automa#c monitoring stress in naturalis#c environments

Personal biomonitoring VR simula#ons of stressful situa#ons offer controlled emo#onal experiences that can be used to assess and empower the pa#ent

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Real-‐-me stress monitoring in naturalis-c environments

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Feature extrac-on

HR sensor

Stress monitoring

Gaggioli A., Pioggia G., Tartarisco G., Baldus G., Corda D., Cipresso P., Riva G. (2013) A mobile data collec-on plaporm for mental health research. Personal and Ubiquitous Compu%ng. 17 (2), pp. 241-‐251.

Stress level (feedback)

Computa-on of stress levels

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Virtual Reality Personal biomonitoring Using mobile apps it is possible to provide the pa#ent with stress-‐management tools, such as guided relaxa#on and biofeedback

Real-‐-me support The use of mobile phones and wearable biosensors allow automa#c monitoring stress in naturalis#c environments

VR simula#ons of stressful situa#ons offer controlled emo#onal experiences that can be used to assess and empower the pa#ent

27 Mobile relax & 3D biofeedback: The Posi%ve Technology* app

While exploring a 3D virtual island, the user can learn relaxa-on skills by visualizing the signals from his/her own body (HR)

Screenshot of Posi%ve Technology app for 3D biofeedback & guided relaxa-on

*WSA-‐mobile Winner in the category: m-‐Environment & Health

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Randomized controlled trial: INTERSTRESS vs CBT vs no-‐treatment

Nurses (N=60) Teachers (N=61)

Gaggioli A., et al. (2014). Experien-al Virtual Scenarios With Real-‐Time Monitoring (Interreality) for the Management of Psychological Stress: A Block Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research (2014); 16(7):e167

29 RCT: Consort chart

Pallavicini et al. Trials 2013, 14:191. ClinicalTrials.gov iden-fier: NCT01683617

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•  Both treatments (CBT and INTERSTRESS) were able to significantly reduce perceived stress (with a beCer outcome for INTERSTRESS)

•  Only par2cipants who received INTERSTRESS reported a significant reduc2on (17% vs 0.5%) in chronic “trait” anxiety

•  Par2cipants who received INTERSTRESS reported a significant greater increase (14% vs 0.3%) in the Emo%onal Support than CBT

Key findings

Gaggioli A., et al. (2014) Experien-al Virtual Scenarios With Real-‐Time Monitoring (Interreality) for the Management of Psychological Stress: A Block Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research (2014); 16(7):e167

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Future direc-ons: Transforma-ve experience design 03


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The transforma-ve power of awe and wonder

Most experiences of everyday life are mundane and tend to be repeated over 2me. However, in addi2on to these ordinary moments, there exists a special category of experiences – transforma5ve experiences – which can result in profound and longlas2ng restructura2on of our worldview.

A common characteris2c of these “peak” experiences is that they ogen involve deep feelings of awe, a complex emo2on in which fear is blended with astonishment, admira2on and wonder.

33 The psychological dimensions of awe Vastness •  anything experienced as being much larger than the self/

the self’s ordinary frame of reference •  e.g. physical size, social size, or cogni-ve ‘grandeur‘ Need for Accomoda-on •  challenge to (or nega-on of) mental structures •  aden-on focused on devia-ons from exis-ng schemas •  crea-on of new (or upda-ng of old) schemas

Keltner, D., Haidt, J. (2003). Approaching Awe. Cogni%on and Emo%on 17(2) 297-‐314.

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•  Binds us to others (Piff et al., 2015) •  Expands our percep-on of -me (Rudd et al., 2012) •  Elicits spiritual beliefs (Van Cappellen & Saroglou, 2013) •  Enhances the immune response (Stellar et al., 2015)

Awe boosts mental and physical wellbeing

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Can we use technology to induce awe?

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Chirico A., Yaden D.B., Riva G., Gaggioli A. (2016) The Poten-al of Virtual Reality for the Inves-ga-on of Awe. Fron%ers in Psychology 7:1766. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01766

VR AWE CONTENT PRESENCE

HIGHEST INTENSITY

AWE

Our hypothesis: VR may be a poten-ally effec-ve medium for inducing more intense feelings of awe in the lab

37 Comparing effec-veness of 3D-‐ and 2D-‐videos in awe induc-on

PARTICIPANTS: 42 university students (gender-‐balanced) EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: 2 (3D vs 2D video) X 2 (awe vs neutral content) MEASURES:

Psychological: self-‐reported awe; presence (ITC-‐SOPI) Physiological: HR, GSR, Zygoma-c and Corrugator muscular ac-vity

NEUTRAL

38 Results: self-‐reported measures Aw

e

Vastne

ss

Nee

d for

accomod

a-on

Chirico, A., Cipresso, P., Yaden, D., Biassoni, F., Riva, G., Gaggioli, A. (in press). Effec-veness of Immersive Videos in Inducing Awe: An Experimental Study”. Scien%fic Reports (Nature Publishing Group).

39 Results: physiological measures HF Total P

ower of H

RV

LF Total Pow

er of H

RV

Chirico, A., Cipresso, P., Yaden, D., Biassoni, F., Riva, G., Gaggioli, A. (in press). Effec-veness of Immersive Videos in Inducing Awe: An Experimental Study”. Scien%fic Reports (Nature Publishing Group).

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Poten-al applica-ons

•  VR could be used to design awe-‐based experien2al training for applica2ons in we l l be ing , empowerment and educa2on

•  For example, we have found that VR-‐induced awe can boost crea2vity pe r fo rmance (cu r rent l y under submission)

41 Thank you!

Posi-ve Technology: designing digital experiences for posi-ve change. Persuasive Technology 2017, Amsterdam.

Science

Positive technology 2017