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June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec 1
PHYLOGENY OF LANGUAGE,MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA
AND LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATION
Dr Jacques COULARDEAU
SYNOPSIS PAIE, Nice, France
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec 2
THE THREE AREAS
• The primary area (page 288) : what he calls “Nostratic” languages. All agglutinative languages and all isolating languages, in fact all languages that are neither Hamito-Semitic nor Indo-European
• The secondary area (page 288) what he calls the Hamito-Semitic languages.
• The ternary area (page 288) as concerning what he calls the Indo-European languages.
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec 3
BASIC FORMULA
“language = used “langue” + using discourse
+ using “parole” ”
. . . It implies two systems:1. the system that is used (that of “langue”)
2. and the system that is the user (that of discourse)” (313)
Dr Coulardeau - Québec 4
FULL GLOSSOGENY
This graph does not show clearly the 3-dimensional nature of the phnomenon. But it understood it has to be in three stages. This is fundamental.
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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS
Click languages to Southern
Africa along East coast
1. MIGRATIONS WITHIN AFRICA
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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS
1. MIGRATIONS WITHIN AFRICA
Root languages down the Niles, then west into the Maghreb and East into the Levant with movement back out of it from 80,000 to 35,000 BP: consonantal root languages, Semitic languages
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MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS
2. MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA
Stem languages along the Southern Arabian Corridor into Pakistan and then to eastern Asia: isolating languages, sino-tibetan languages, khmer-burman languages, Chinese, Korean, Japanese
Dr Coulardeau - Québec 8
MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS
2. MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA
Frond1 languages along the Southern Arabian Corridor, into Pakistan then north and west under the Caspian sea to Anatolia, Caucasus and Europe, with alternative route north along the Caspian sea into central Asia, Siberia and then the Americas to the east and Ural and Europe to the north west. The Dravidian languages are also a possibility, if they are agglutinative.
Dr Coulardeau - Québec 9
MIGRATIONS AND MORPHOGENICS
2. MIGRATIONS OUT OF AFRICA
Frond2 languages along the Southern Arabian Corridor, up the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia, then up to the Iranian plateau, and then after the Ice Age down east to the Indian subcontinent (Indo-Aryan languages) and down west to Mesopotamia-Anatolia-Greece and alternative route to the north through the Caucasus and into Europe (these both Indo-European languages)
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MORPHOGENIC TREE
STEMS
ROOTS
THIRD ARTICULATION
SECOND ARTICULATION
FIRST ARTICULATION
FRONDS
SYNTAX
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
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ARABIC ROOT K-T-B
The root may be conjugated in simple past tense (perfect) :
kataba "he wrote" (masculine)katabat "she wrote" (feminine)katabtu "I wrote" (f and m)kutiba "it was written" (masculine)kutibat "it was written" (feminine)katabū "they wrote" (masculine)katabna "they wrote" (feminine)katabnā "we wrote" (f and m)
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ARABIC ROOT K-T-BThe root may also be conjugated in present (imperfect) and imperative:
yaktub(u) "he writes" (masculine)taktub(u) "she writes" (feminine)naktub(u) "we write" (f and m)aktub(u) "I write" (f and m)yuktab(u) "being written" (masculine)tuktab(u) "being written" (feminine)yaktubūn(a) "they write" (masculine)yaktubna "they write" (feminine)taktubna "you write" (feminine)yaktubān(i) "they both write" (masculine) (for 2 males)taktubān(i) "they both write" (feminine) (for 2 females)'uktub “Write!” kātaba "he exchanged letters (with sb.)"yukātib(u) "he exchanges (with sb.)"yatakātabūn(a) "they write to each other" (masculine)iktataba "he is registered" (intransitive) or "he contributed (a money quantity to
sth.)" (ditransitive) (the first t is part of a particular verbal transfix, not part of the root)
istaktaba "to cause to write (sth.)"
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ARABIC ROOT K-T-Bmaktabî "individual office”maktabat "library" or
"bookshop"maktūb "written" (part.) or
"postal letter" (n.) miktâb "typewriter"mukâtaba "correspondence"katībat "squadron" or
"document"katā’ib "squadrons" or
"documents"iktitāb "registration" or
"contribution of funds"
istiktâb "dictation"muktatib "subscription"istiktāb "causing to write"
a whole array of nominal derived words:kitāb "book" kutub "books" (plural)kutayyib "booklet" (dimin.)kitābat "writing"kātib "writer“ (masc.)kātibat "writer" (fem.)kātibūn(a) "writers" (masc.)kātibāt "writers" (fem.)kuttāb "writers" (broken
plural)kutubî "bookdealer"katabat "clerks" (broken
plural)maktab "desk" or "office“makātib "desks" or "offices"
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XUÉXÍ 学习 to learn Character 学Learn the chinese character 学 ( xué ) : study.Meaning xué : learn / study / science / -ologyFrequently-used words or phrases showing that the concerned word (xué) never changes and the derived meanings are obtained by the composition of two characters.大学 dà xué University上学 shàng xué to go to school / to attend school小学 xiǎo xué primary school学费 xué fèi tuition fee / tuition学科 xué kē subject / branch of learning / course学年 xué nián academic year学期 xué qī term / semester学问 xué wèn learning / knowledge学习 xué xí to learn / to study
XUÉ 学 to learn XÍ 习 to practice
学校 xué xiào School学院 xué yuàn college / educational institute / school / faculty中学 zhōng xué middle school
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XUÉXÍ 学习 to learn Wǒ xuéxí. 我学习。 I study.
Wǒ xuéxí Hànyǔ. 我学习汉语。 I am learning Chinese
Wǒmen xuéxí yīnyuè. 我们学习音乐。 We study music.
Nǐ zài nǎr xuéxí? 你在哪儿学习? Where do you study?
Wǒ tǎoyàn xuéxí. 我讨厌学习。 I hate studying.
Tā yě xuéxí Hànyǔ. 他也学习汉语。 He studies Chinese as well.
Nín yào xuéxí shénme? 您要学习什么? What do you want to learn?
Tā xuéxí fēicháng nǔlì. 他学习非常努力。 He studied very hard.
Tā xuéxí xiàndài wénxué. 他学习现代文学。 He studies contemporary literature.
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
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THE 3 ARTICULATIONS1. SENTENCE
MORPHOGENICS
1- Vowel + consonant= vocal articulation (Clicks: non-articulatable or become consonants)
Meaningful vocal unit (interchange vowels and consonants)
2- Meaningful Vocal Unit + Meaningful Vocal Unit= concatenation
Syncretic articulation
3- Meaningful Vocal Units + Syntax= hierarchical architecture
Syntactic articulation
VOCAL – SYNCRETIC – SYNTACTIC
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
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MORPHOGENIC ARCHITECTUREFIRST LEVEL: VOCAL ARTICULATION
VOWELS + CONSONANTS [+ CLICKS]MEANINGFUL VOCAL UNITS (MVUs)
Examples: bat – cat – fat – gat – hat – mat – pat – rat – sat – tat – vat – what -
SECOND LEVEL: SYNCRETIC ARTICULATIONMVU + MVU
CONCATENATED MVUsExamples: dog woof woof – bird fly – yum yum macaroni – Me? Wine? Never!
THIRD LEVEL: SYNTACTIC ARTICULATIONMVUs + SYNTAX
HIERARCHICAL ARCHITECTUREExamples: "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously“ (Noam Chomsky)
“To be or not to be, that is the question” (William Shakespeare)
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
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THE 3 ARTICULATIONS2. WORDS
MORPHOGENICS
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
1- ROOTConsonantal roots in Semitic languages
Root + discursive inflection = word
2- STEMRoot + Categorial inflection in isolating languages
Invariable Stem = word
3- FRONDStem + nominal declension or verbal conjugation in agglutinative and synthetic/analytical languages
Frond = word
ROOT + STEMIC INFLECTION + DECLENSION:CONJUGATION AFFIXES{ [ ( RT ) ST ] DEC/CON }
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6 LEVELS OF MENTAL WORK AND CONSTRUCTION
FROM SENSES TO CONCEPT AND MIND
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
SensePerceiveIdentify/recognize nameExperimentSpeculateconceptualize
Bertrand Russell
Jeff Hawkins
L.S. VygotskyJean Piaget
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HOMO SAPIENS AND LANGUAGE :HE CONCEPTUALIZES THE COMMUNICATIONAL SITUATION
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
• FIRST ARTICULATION : First consonants and vowels are conceptualized to
become the raw material of his articulated language
• SECOND ARTICULATION :Second he conceptualizes distance and duration into
space and time to become his linguistic categories
• THIRD ARTICULATION :Third he conceptualizes the very communicational
situation bringing this matrix into his langue as a syntactic architecture
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COMMUNICATIONAL MATRIX
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
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COMMUNICATION IS ALWAYS FULL
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
SENSES-BRAIN
CONCEPTUALIZATION MIND
ONE HIERARCHICAL PRINCIPAL IN LANGUE
RECTUM 1 - RECTUM 2 - REGIS
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LINGUISTIC CONSERVATISM
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
Sentence morphogenics evolves on the basis of the level of word morphogenics reached at the time
of the migration
One migrates with one’s language. An individual or a group tends to conserve their languages.
CONSERVATISMA migrating language (carried by migrating people) develops from the state
reached at the time of migration.
PROGRESSIVENESSCONSERVATIVE PROGRESSIVENESS
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATISM
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TIMELINE OF MIGRATIONS
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec
250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 75,000 50,000 45,000 21,000 10,000 9-8,000Homo Click Consonantal Isolating Agglutinative Synthetic Cro- Ice-Age Indo-A NeolithicSapiens Khoisan Semitic Asian Turkic Analytic -Magnon ¨Peak Indo-E Change
1- Emergence of Homo Sapiens, hence of articulated language250,000 BP and moving backward
2- Click Khoisan languages as early as 250,000-200,000 BP3- Consonantal Semitic languages 150,000 BP4- Isolating Asian languages 100,000 BP5- Agglutinative Turkic languages 75,000 BP
To Europe: circa 45,000 BP6- Synthetic/analytic Indo-European/Indo-Aryan languages 50,000 BP
To Indian subcontinent and Europe circa 10,000 BP
June 2015 Dr Coulardeau - Québec 25
Thanks and fare thee well