CFIA-ACIA

Pest Risk Analysis (PRA)

VINOD UPADHYAYID.No - 44056

Plant Biosecurity is a set of measures designed to protect a crop, crops or a sub-group of crops from plant pests at national,

regional and individual farm levelsPlant Biosecurity develops quarantine policies that protect the plant health from exotic pests and diseases

Threat identification and risk analysis are significant components to plant biosecurity.

Plant Biosecurity policies are based on our national and international obligations under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and in particular the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

The philosophy behind the convention is:-

• Spread and introduction of pests only preventable if all countries take adequate measures to avoid and control.

• Countries should establish appropriate infrastructures to protect from new introductions and to control pests in their territory.

• Countries are able to take quarantine measures that impede trade only if biologically sound and economically justified.

Aim of the IPPCPurpose:

-To secure common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control.

- IPPC is the basis for all actions in plant quarantine In existence since 1952 and modified in 1997 to take into account the SPS Agreement (180+ contracting parties)

International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMS)

ISPMS provide guidance to the member countries in implementation national program and fulfilling requirements of the IPPC

Are not mandatory –they are guidelines to assist member countries in meeting IPPC obligations which are contained in the convention itself.

IPPC is recognized as standard setting body under WTO-SPS

• ISPM No 2 frame work for pest risk analysis revision for approval by CPM in march 2007

• ISPM No 3guidelines for export ,shipment ,import and release of biological agents and other beneficial organisms 2005

• ISPM No 11pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of enviornmental risk and living modified organisms 2004

• ISPM No 21pest risk analysis for regulated non quarantine pests

Organizational Chart Of Indian Plant Quarantine Structure

Two kinds of pests in IPPC

• Quarantine pest: a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there , or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled.

• Regulated non quarantine pest a non-quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party

What is Risk?

• Combination of likelihood and impact – How likely an event is to happen, and how

much of an effect it would have.

• So…– If an event cannot occur it cannot have an

impact and there is no risk.– If an event is likely to occur but it will have

no impact then there is no risk.

Risk matrixHigh

Medium

Low

low medium high

Likelihood

Impact

What is PRA?- The process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it

Pest risk analysis is set of activities, in which-

-the probability and the severity of impact of a particular pest is assessed

- the means of reducing these are evaluated, and the results of this review are shared with those involved

- It helps to ensure that decisions on the control of imports and exports are based on sound science, are related to the risks involved and have minimal impact on trade.

Why is PRA done? To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that can be caused by harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with imported commodities;

To evaluate and manage risk from specific pests and internationally traded commodities

Identify and assess risks to agricultural and horticultural crops forestry and the environment from plant pests

To create lists of regulated pests

To produce lists of prohibited plants and plant products

To assist in identifying appropriate management options

PRA ProcessThree stages:

Stage 1: InitiationStage 2: Pest Risk Assessment

Step 1: Pest CategorizationStep 2: Assessment of the Probability of

Introduction•Entry •Establishment •Spread

Step 3: ImpactsStep 4: Overall Assessment of RiskStep 5: Uncertainty

Stage 3: Pest Risk Management

Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage 1: Initiation

• Initiation Point

• Pest or pathway for a pest

• Not a pest

• Identification of PRA Area

• End

INITIATION

Pest identified or detected likely to pose threat to the agricultural economy and it requires Phytosanitary Measures.

identification of a pathway that presents a potential pest hazard like augmentation of International Trade of a new variety of a commodity.

review or revision of phytosanitary policies and priorities by the Government of a country.

Identification of PRA Area

- PRA area to be defined normally the whole importing country information gathering is an essential element of all stages of PRA. - To clarify the identity of the pest(s), its/their present distribution

and association with host plants, commodities, etc.

- Information for PRA may come from various sources.

- Official information regarding pest status is an obligation under the IPPC (Art. VIII.1c) to be provided by the NPPO or Official contact points.

• At the end of Stage 1, the pests and pathways of concern and the PRA area would have been identified.

• Relevant information has been collected and pests have been identified as possible target for phytosanitary measures, either individually or in association with a pathway.

Conclusion

Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage 2: RISK ASSESSMENT

Could be divided into three steps:

A. Pest Categorization

B. Assessment of the probability of introduction and spread

C. Assessment of potential economic consequences (including environmental impacts).

Estimating the Overall Risk Posed by a Quarantine Pest

For each pest, combine the likelihood of:- entry/establishment/ spread, and- Consequence of entry/establishment spread:

“Extreme” “High” “Moderate” “Low”

• Step 1 – Pest categorisation

• Identify quarantine pests

• Categorise pests (do they occur on the pathway?)

• Prepare data sheets

Pest name

Pest establishment

in PRA area

Potential for significant loss

Quarantine pest

(Yes/ No)

Pest 1

Feasible Significant Yes

Pest 2

Feasible Not significant No

Pest 3

Not feasible Significant No

Pest 4

Feasible Significant Yes

• Step 2 –Probability of entry, establishment and spread of the pest

• Assess the likelihood of entry of a pest- higher no. of

pathway- more probability

• Assess likelihood of establishment of a pest after entry-

reproductive strategy, distribution in PRA area, adaptation,

environment suitability

• Assess spread potential of the pest

Step 3 – Potential Economic Importance

• Include economic ,environmental, and societal impacts

• Include direct or indirect effect to plants

• May be qualitative or quantitive measures of impacts

Assessment of Economic Consequences....

• Impacts on productivity:– Yield losses– Increased control costs – Post-harvest disinfestations

• Impacts on trade / market access:– Domestic– International

• Impacts on the environment• Impacts on human health

Pest Risk AnalysisStage 3: Pest Risk Management

Generate, evaluate and

compare management

options

Select options

Monitor and evaluate after

implementation

• Conclusions of Pest risk assessment

• Risk acceptable? PRA ends• Risk unacceptable? PRA

continues

Stop

– Identifying options– Evaluating options– Selecting options

• Consider all pathways– Traded plants or plant products – Natural spread of the pest– Entry with human travellers – Vehicular transport– Associated materials

• Identify points at which mitigation measures might be applied• Identify possible mitigation measures at each point• Assess each for effectiveness, efficiency, feasibility ….• Select appropriate measure(s)

• Document– Phytosanitary Certificates– Import permits

• Phytosanitary Certificates– Official assurance that specified import

requirements are met– Confirms that risk management measures

have been taken– Only for regulated articles

• Educate– Educate & inform travellers,

importers, industry, government or public

Evaluating Options

• Evaluate each option for:– Effectiveness– Efficiency– Cost effectiveness– Feasibility– Reproducibility– Potential negative social,

economic or environmental consequences

CFIA-ACIA

Conclusion of Stage 3• Risk mitigation measures have been:

– Identified– Evaluated– Selected

• Mitigation measures to reduce risk to acceptable level are selected, or

• No mitigation measures are available

• Stage 1 (initiation) asks:

– What bad thing can happen?– Is it within the scope of the IPPC framework?

• Stage 2 (pest risk assessment) asks:– How likely is it to happen?– How bad will it be?

• Does it matter? Is the risk acceptable?

• Stage 3 (pest risk management) asks:– What can be done about it?– Are measures feasible, effective,

appropriate?– Can we lower the risk to an acceptable level?

Identify issue

Access overall pest risk

Respond to risk

Documentation• Supports the IPPC key principle of transparency

• Also, the main elements to document are outlined in ISPM No. 11:– Purpose of the PRA– Pest, pest list, pathways, PRA area, endangered area– Sources of information– Categorized pest list– Conclusion of risk assessment– Risk management options identified– Options selected

Countries from where crop import is Prohibited

CROP Countries

Cocoa West Indies, Africa, Sri Lanka

Coffee Sri Lanka, Africa, South America

Rubber America, West indies

Sugarcane Fiji, New Guinea, Australia, Philippines

India’s priority crops for Pest Risk Analysis

strawberry banana Kiwimusk melon watermelon Pearsmandarin cashew nut Applegrape citrus fruits Lentilred beans chickpea Juteblack gram green gram Cottonwheat rice Barleymaize baby corn pearl milletsorghum lettuce Garlicbroccoli potato Chinese cabbagemustard sunflower Safflowerlinseed castor rape seed

Invasive alien pests of cropALIEN SPECIES DISEASE FROM TO Phyloxera vitifolia Root eating aphid Central America France

Phytophthora infestans

Late blight of potato Europe Central america

Uncinula necator Powdery mildew of grapes Central America France

Plasmopara viticola

Downy mildew of grapes USA France

Endothia parasitica

Chestnut blight Orient USA

Hemileia vastatrix Coffee rust South America Srilanka

Dutch elm disease USA

Soybean cyst nematode USA

Bacterial canker of citrus USA

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES•ISPM 11 Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/ispm.htm

•ISPM 8 Determination of pest status in an area http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/ispm.htm

•WTO 1995, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

•Biosecurity Australia, September 2001. Draft guidelines for Import Risk Analysis (Draft).•Devorshak, C. and Griffin, R. (2002). Role and relationship of official and scientific information concerning pest status.

•In G.J. Hallman and C.P. Scwalbe (eds.) Invasive arthropods in agriculture: problems and solutions. Scientific Publishers, Enfield, NH.