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Pilosa

Pilosa in Latin means hairyContains anteaters and slothsFound only in the Americas today

Central and South AmericaOrigins are unclear but can be traced back to

South America in the early Tertiary

Pilosa Facts

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Superorder: Xenarthra

Order: Pilosa

Suborder: Vermilingua

Family: Myrmecophagidae

Genus:Myrmecophaga

Species: M. tridactyla

Binomial name

Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Anteater Families

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• Cyclopediae• Silky Anteater

• Myrmecophagidae• Giant Anteater• Northern Tamandua• Southern Tamandua

Specialized to eat ants and termitesJaws

Became longer snoutsTeeth have been reducedTongues have became longer

Spine covered

Very strong forelimbs and clawsFor digging up termite nest and ant hillsOpening up tree barkCan be used in defense against jaguars (Giant

anteater)Walk on knuckles with claws curved under

Anteaters Characteristics

Sloth Families• Suborder Folivora• Bradypodidae

• Pygmy Three-toed sloth• Brown-throated Three-toed sloth• Pale-throated Three-toed sloth• Maned Three-toed sloth

Megalonychidae• Hoffman’s Two-toed sloth• Southern Two-toed sloth

Sloths Families cont.

Megatheriidae megatheriid ground sloths

Mylodontidae Myylodontid ground sloths

Orophodontidae orophodontid ground sloths

Scelidotheriidae Scelidotheriid ground sloths

Extinct ground sloths Families20,000 years ago

Long curved claws used to hang from branches

Slow movingSpecialized in eating leavesCanine teeth have recededNow have ever growing peg-like molarsTree dwelling

Hang upside downCan swim and move about on the ground.Fur on their stomach curves to the back .

Sloth Characteristics

BackgroundHave a resting metabolic rate less than half

that of a typical placental mammalMove slowly

Muscles and nerves function more slowly than typical mammals

The effect of these traits influence there net energetic cost and attendant food requirements

Case study

ResultsWater influx and efflux where nearly equalMetabolic rates where highest in males and

least in no reproductive females but the difference was not significant

Diet provides 10.4 metabolizable kJ food.

Results

FindingsEnergy Metabolism

Aspects that contribute to low energy requirementsLow and variable body temperatureBehavioral thermoregulationLarge portion of body mass as metabolically inactive materialHeat-conserving rate in blood vessels in limbsSlow acting muscle and nerve fibers

Water fluxesApproximate water balanceGets all of it’s water requirement from young and old leaves

Energy assimilationAssimilation efficiency depends on the mix of leaves in the

gut

Case study

Adaptations for specific foods Anteaters

Forelimbs and Claws Snout and Tongue

Sloth Live in trees Move slow

Have a common ancestor to armadillosSloth Digestion and metabolism

Traits that require low energy requirmentsSlow metabolism

Main Points

http://www.mammalsrus.com/eutheria/pilosa/pilosa.html

Nagy, Kenneth A., and G. Gene Montgomery. "Field Metabolic Rate, Water Flux, and Food Consumption in Three-Toed Sloths (Bradypus Variegatus)." Journal of Mammalogy 61.3 (1980): 465-72. Print.

Sources

Questions