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Isaac newton
by Juan Diego de Alvear, Ángel Cercadillo and Víctor Osorio
Newton’s biography
Sir Isaac Newton 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726) was an physicist and mathematician who is recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time. His book Philosophiæ NaturalisPrincipia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, explained the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton also made contributions to optical devices and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus.
By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary
motion from his mathematical
description of gravity, and then using the
same principles to account for the
trajectories of comets, the tides,
the precession of the equinoxes, and
other phenomena, Newton removed the
last doubts about the validity of
the heliocentric model of the cosmos
This work also demonstrated that
the motion of objects on Earth and
of celestial bodies could be described by
the same principles. His prediction that
the Earth should be shaped as anoblate
spheroid was later vindicated by the
measurements of Maupertuis, La
Condamine, and others, which helped
convince most Continental
European scientists of the superiority of
Newtonian mechanics over the earlier
system of Descartes.
Newton also built the first
practical reflecting telescope and
developed a theory of colour based on
the observation that
a prism decomposes white light into the
many colours of the visible spectrum.
Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at theUniversity of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of biblical chronology andalchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. In his later life, Newton became president of the Royal Society. He also served the British government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.
Isaac Newton was born according to
the Julian calendar (in use in England at
the time) on Christmas Day, 25
December 1642 at Woolsthorpe
Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth,
a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire.
He was born three months after the
death of his father, a prosperous farmer
also named Isaac Newton.
Newton's work has been said "to distinctly
advance every branch of mathematics then
studied". His work on the subject usually
referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in
a manuscript of October 1666, is now
published among Newton's mathematical
papers.
In 1666, Newton observed that the
spectrum of colours exiting a prism in
the position of minimum deviation is
oblong, even when the light ray entering
the prism is circular, which is to say, the
prism refracts different colours by
different angles. This led him to
conclude that colour is a property
intrinsic to light—a point which had been
debated in prior years.
In 1679, Newton returned to his work on mechanics by considering gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679–80 with Hooke, Personal coat of arms of Sir Isaac Newton
Newton never married. The French writer and philosopher Voltaire, who was in London at the time of Newton's funeral, said that he "was never sensible to any passion, was not subject to the common frailties of mankind, nor had any commerce with women—a circumstance which was assured me by the physician and surgeon who attended him in his last moments.
NEWTON’S LAWS
Isaac Newton (a 17th century scientist) put forth a variety of lawsthat explain why objects move (or don't move) as they do. Thesethree laws have become known as Newton's three laws of motion
Newton’s first law
Newton’s second law
Newton’s third law
Universal Gravity Theory
Newton’s first law
Newton's first law of motion states that an object atrest remains at rest and an object in motion remainsin motion with the same velocity unless acted uponby what we call an unbalanced force. An unbalancedforce is an external force that changes the motion ofan object. When an object is at rest or moving at aconstant velocity, all the forces acting on itare balanced.
Objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing." In fact, it is the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. This tendency to resist changes in their state of motion is described as inertia.Inertia: tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity.
The acceleration of an object as produced by a netforce is directly proportional to the magnitude of thenet force, in the same direction as the net force, andinversely proportional to the mass of the object.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
A force is a push or a pull that acts directly or at a distanceupon an object as a result of its interaction with anotherobject. Forces result from interactions.
Universal Gravitation theory
In his 1687 book Philosophiae NaturalisPrincipia Mathematica, regarded as one of the most important books ever published, Newton established many physical principles. The most innovative of them all was theory on how two bodies would pull from each other for unknown apparent reason. This "reason" turned out to be gravity, an essential force in understanding how the world, and the base of modern physics.
It's rumored that Newton came up with the idea while watching apples fall from the trees in his mother's garden. He observed how things would always fall towards the Earth's centre, not anywhere else. During that time, alchemy and science weren't different concepts, and a famous alchemical principle stated that two objects could exert a small force on each other, even in a vacuum. The young scientist decided to study this strange law, and through exhaustive observations & calculus, he defined a series of equations that measured its effects. These findings were the backbone of the "Universal Gravitation Theory", named after the Latin word for weight: gravitas.
In his own words: "Every point
mass attracts every single other point
mass by a force pointing along
the line intersecting both points. The
force is proportional to the product of the
two masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between
them". This meant that any given objects
pulled from each other in a line, with a
force given by
In his own words: "Every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them". This meant that any given objects pulled from each other in a line, with a force given by
F= total force, G= gravitational constant, m1 = first mass, m2 = second mass, and r= distance
Gravity diagram
The Gravitational Constant is approximately 6.673×10-11 N·(m/kg)2, and it's the same all throughout the universe.
The theory was well received in the British Royal Society, and it was used to explain Johannes Kepler's study on how celestial objects revolved around the Sun. This was the official birth of astrophysics.