NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Viral Disease

Several types of birds

Highly contagious

Caused by strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1)

Respiratory, digestive, and/or neurological manifestations

Zoonotic disease

NEW CASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

Viral Taxonomy

Order: Mononegavirales

Family: Paramyxoviridae

Subfamily: Paramyxovirinae

Genus: Avulavirus

Species: Newcastle Disease Virus

Other avian paramyxoviruses

Definitions and Synonyms

APMV 1 = Newcastle Disease

Pseudo-fowl pest, pseudovogel-pest, atypische,

Geflugelpest, pseudo-poultry plague, avian pest, avian

distemper, Raniket disease, Tetelo disease, Korean fowl

plague, and avian pneumoencephalitis

Exotic Newcastle disease: Infections with virulent APMV-1

NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

Pleomorphic

100-500 nm

Single-stranded, non segmented,

negative sense RNA

Hemagglutination activity

Neuraminidase activity

Antigenically homogeneous group

Different Pathotypes!!!

Hemagglutination (HA)

NDV and other APMV

Due to binding of HN protein to

receptors on the surface of RBC

Chicken RBC are used for HA

test, but NDV can agglutinate all

amphibian, reptilian and avian

cells

Susceptibility

Temperature: Inactivated by 56°C/3 hours, 60°C/30 min

Inactivated by acid pH

Chemicals: Ether sensitive

Disinfectants: Inactivated by formalin and phenol

Survival: Survives for long periods at ambient

temperature, especially in feces

Hosts

Infection has been demonstrated in at least 241 species

from 27 orders of birds

Chickens are the most susceptible species

White leghorns chickens seem to be more susceptible to

experimental infection than white rocks

Turkeys are more resistant than chickens

Waterfowl are believed to be quite resistant

A carrier state can exist in psittacine birds and other

birds

Mortality/morbidity influenced by species, strain of

virus, environmental factors, and vaccination practices

Hosts

Transmission

Infection may take place by either inhalation or ingestion

PPMV is shed by feces

Virus may be present in aerosols

Birds in contact with such aerosols become infected

Large amounts of virus are excreted in the feces

Ingestion of these feces result in infection

Vertical transmission remains controversial

Dissemination of the Disease

Movement of live birds

Feral birds, pet/exotic birds, game birds, racing pigeons and commercial poultry

Contact with other animals

Movement of people and equipment

Movement of poultry products

Airborne spread

Contaminated poultry feed

Contaminated water

Vaccines

The severity of the disease is

determined by:

Viral strain

Dose (level of challenge)

Route of exposure

Immune status

Age

Host species

Incubation period: 3-8 days

Clinical FormsCurrent Definition

Infections with:

Low virulent viruses

Virulent viruses – Viscerotropic

Neurotropic

Infection with low virulent

viruses

Primarily a respiratory condition of sudden onset and rapid spread

Dyspnea

Air sac lesions related to complicating infections E. coli, ORT

Disease course: 10-14 days

Poor productive performance

NDV isolates from these clinical problems are similar to strain

vaccines

Infection with virulent viruses(Exotic ND)

Conjunctivitis

Dyspnea

Severe respiratory signs

Subcutaneous edema around eye (cellulitis)

Diarrhea (may be green)

Prostration

May be neurological signs

Death

Prostration

Dyspnea

Facial Edema

Cyanosis of Comb

Conjunctivitis and blepharitis

Conjunctivitis and blefaritis

Salivation and Nasal Discharge

High Mortality and Gasping

Infection with virulent virusesNeurotrophic Form (aka pneumoencephalitis)

Conjunctivitis

Dyspnea

Tremors

Torticollis

Wing or leg paralysis

The birds are unable to reach the feed or water

Death

Lack of Coordination

Movements of the head

(head shaking)

Torticollis

Torticollis

Torticollis

Paralysis of legs, and wing

droop

Opisthotonos

Gross Lesions

Gross lesions are dependant of the strain. Remarkable

with viscerotropic velogenic viruses

Hemorrhagic lesion in the intestine are characterized of

viscerotropic strains

Generally, gross lesions are not observed in the central

nervous system of birds infected with NDV, regardless of

the pathotype

Subcutaneal Edema in Neck and

Hemorrhagic Tracheitis

Hemorrhagic Tracheitis

Diphtheritic Laryngo-tracheitis

Fibrinous membranes in oral,

pharyngeal, and esophageal mucosa

Hemorrhages in Proventriculus

Intestinal Hemorrhages

Hemorrhages in Lymphoid Foci

Splenic Necrosis

Intestinal Ulcers

Normal Cecal Tonsils

Hemorrhagic Cecal Tonsils

Necrosis and Hemorrhages in Intestinal

Lymphoid aggregation Sites

Hemorrhagic Cecal Tonsils

Ulcers on cecal tonsils

Hemorrhages in Cloaca

Shrunken and Hemorrhagic Ovaries

Egg Abnormalities

Avian influenza

Fowl cholera

Laryngotracheitis

Infectious bronchitis

Metapneumovirus

Fowl pox (diphtheritic

form)

Mycoplasmosis

Psittacosis (chlamydiosis in

psittacine birds)

Pacheco's parrot disease

(psittacine birds)

Very virulent infectious bursal

disease

Differential Diagnosis

Definitive Diagnosis

Virus isolation

Detection of hemagglutination

Hemagglutination inhibition

RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR

Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis

Isolation and Agglutination

Live attenuated vaccines

B1 (Lentogenic)

LaSota (Lentogenic)

Roakin (Mesogenic)

Vaccine reaction

Recombinant Vaccines

Vectors: Herpesvirus of

turkeys

Fowl poxvirus

Fusion protein gene

In ovo application

Injection

ND is reportable to the World Organization for Animal

Health (OIE)

Zoonotic disease: Conjunctivitis in humans

NEWCASTLE

DISEASE UPDATE in

REGION III

Reported ND cases

Province No.ofMunicipalities

No. of Barangays

No. of FarmersAfffected

Mortality

Aurora 5 45 1,353 28,884

Bataan 10 64 358 13,542

Bulacan 6 19 65 3,803

Pampanga 20 157 3,052 46,023

Nueva Ecija 32 800 331 200,000

Tarlac 11 30 50 127,452

Zambales 13 22 184 13,226

TOTAL 97 1,137 5,393 432,930

ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN

I. Conducted meetings

– Emergency meeting with the provincial, city and municipal

veterinarians on January 21, 2016.

– Meeting with stakeholders on February 16, 2016

– Meeting with stakeholders on February 26, 2016

– Meeting with stakeholders on April 1, 2016

– Meeting with stakeholders on April 26, 2016 (Anti-Rabies and

ND vaccination kick off at CLSU)

INFORMATION AND

EDUCATION CAMPAIGN

– Conducted series of info campaign in the 7 provinces of the region

– Zambales March 1, 2016

– Nueva Ecija March 3, 2016

– Tarlac March 4,2016

– Bataan March 8, 2016

– Bulacan March 10, 2016

– Aurora March 11, 2016

– Pampanga March 29, 2016

VACCINE DISTRIBUTION

PROVINCE REGIONALPURCHASED

BAI VACCINE PRIVATE SECTOR

1. Aurora 26,000 - -

2. Bataan 20,000 62,000 50,000

3. Bulacan 15,000 107,000 100,000

4. Nueva Ecija 35,000 - 400,000

5. Pampanga 24,000 300,000 100,000

6.Tarlac 20,000 200,000 200,000

7. Zambales 55,000 60,000 -

TOTAL 195,000 729,000 850,000

VACCINATION REPORT

Aurora – 20,020 heads

Bataan – 12,069 heads

Bulacan – 73,000 heads

Nueva Ecija*

Pampanga – 8,667 heads

Tarlac – 115,982 heads

Zambales – 8,466 heads

TOTAL = 238,204 heads

* 100,000 doses of vaccine given to CLSU, 60,000 to Cabiao & 40,000

to Zaragoza

Memorandum of Agreement(Anti-Rabies & ND Vaccination)

Memorandum of Agreement(Anti-Rabies & ND Vaccination)

QUARANTINE ACTIVITIES

–20 Quarantine checkpoints to be set up in the region

– 120 personnel to man the checkpoints will be hired by BAI

– 3 shifts at 2 personnel per shift to be supervised by PVO

– traffic barriers to be donated by private sectors

Aurora – 2 checkpoints Pampanga – 1 checkpoint

Bataan – 1 checkpoint Tarlac – 7 checkpoints

Bulacan – 5 checkpoint Zambales – 2 checkpoints

Nueva Ecija – 2 checkpoints

QUARANTINE ACTIVITIES

–Quarantine Check points

–Aurora √ Pampanga x

–Bataan √ Tarlac √

–Bulacan √ Zambales √

–Nueva Ecija √

Creation of the Newcastle Disease

Regional Quick Response Team

Under the Special Order No. 353 series of 2016, the BAI lead the creation of

Regional Quick Response Team (RQRT) for Disease Events and Emergencies.

THANK YOU!