Introduction

Biopharming also known as molecular pharming, uses geneticallymodified plants or animals to produce pharmaceutical proteins(recombinant protein) and chemicals such as vaccine hormone bloodclotting and thinning agents, and industrial enzymes

Plant molecular farming is the use of genetically modified plants toproduce pharmaceutical products or industrial chemicals. These“plants with novel traits” (PNTs) have been developed by insertingnew genes, usually from other species, that instruct the plant toproduce the desired substance. The plant can be directed to make thatsubstance accumulate in specific parts of the plant, such as seeds orleaves.

commonly used in the research today include corn (maize), tobacco,tomatoes and potatoes. More recently, non-crop species likeduckweed and mouse-eared cress (Arabidopsis) have also been usedin research trials.

Course Seminar on

Nanotechnology and its application in Agriculture

Chairman

Dr. P.K. Dhaka

Assoc. Prof.

Delivered bySanjay Singh

Anurag Mishra

Ph.D .(Ag)IInd Semester

Department of Ag. BiotechnologySardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology

Modipuram Meerut (U.P. )

What is Nano meter

• A nano meter is unit of measure just like inches, feet and miles.

• By definition a nanometer is a one billionth of a meter (10-9m)

• Examples• A human hair is a about 100000 nm wide• Limit of human eyes ability to see is 10000nm • RBC is 5000nm in size • DNA width is 2nm• A water molecule is less than 1nm.• A hydrogen atom is 0.1nm.

What are nanomaterials

• All materials are composed of grains, which enter comprise many atoms. These grains are usually invisible to eye to naked eye depending upon there size.

• The average size of an atom is about 1 to b2 A0 in radius.

• 1nm = 10 A0

• Hence in 1nm, there may be 3 to 5 atoms depending upon the atomic radius.

Properties of Nanomaterials

• Nano crystaline materials are exceptionalystrong

• They are hard

• They are ductile at high temperature

• They are water resistance

• They are erosion resistance

• They are corrosion resistance

• They are chemically very active

Methods to produce nanomaterials

• There are five widely known method to produce nanomaterials, which are fallowing

• Sol- gel synthesis

• Inert gas condensation

• Mechanical alloying or high energy ball milling

• Plasma synthesis

• Electrode deposition

Nanotechnology

Idea of Nanotechnology given by K.Eric Drexter in1979,also wrote a book in 1986, engine ofcreation : the coming era of nanotechnology

The term coined by Norio, Taniguchi in 1974.nanotechnology is the study of the manipulatingthe matter on an atomic and molecular scale.

Or

• Nanotechnology is the engineering of thefunctional system at the molecular scale(range from 1 to 100 nm) the lower limit is setby the size of atom hydrogen has the smallestatom, which is approx. a quarter of a nmdiameter and the upper limit is more or lessarbitrary depends on use of it the nanodevices

• There are two main approaches used in nanotechnology• 1 bottom up approachesThe bottom up technique built or grow larger structure atom

by atom or molecule by molecule. These technique includes

Chemical synthesisSelf assemblyPositional assembly 2. Top down approaches(which means reducing the size of the bulk material structure

to the nanoscale without atomic level control).Atomic layered depositions (ALD) technique.Photonics applications in nanoelectronics and

nanoengineering for Ex. 1. Opaque substance became transparent (cu)

• Stable materials turn combustible (Al)

• Insoluble material became soluble(gold)

• Some chemical are inert at normal scale as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscale (gold)

• A new field of study is being created by the fusion of biology and nanotechnology to generate known as bionanotechnology

Microbes Used as Scientist Year

TMV Template for synthesis opf cds, pbs ,fe203 and metal clusters

Shenton.w. etal.,Bittner. A.M

etal.,

1999

TMV Can be function as an efficient template for controlled deposition of silica

Royston.E etal., 2006

TMV Template for the fabrication of nanosized rod and dumble shaped gold particles

London.P.B etal., 2007

M13Phase As a phase display for expression of smallpeptidesand antibodies

Arap.M.A 2005

CCMV Incapcolation of iron oxide particles Liepold etal., 2005

CMP Nano scaffold as single enhancement for micro array

Soto.C.M etal., 2009

TMV Nano scale protein assemblies from asercular per mutant of TMV

Dedeo M.T etal., 2010

Visualization of TMV1cys. Background, electronmicrograph of TMV (negatively stained). Bar represents 300 nm.Foreground, structural model representing 10% of a TMV1cysvirion. Red space filling molecules show the location of thegenetically inserted cysteine residue.

Specificity for the labelling of TMV1cys virions. 100fig of purified TMV wild-type or TM1cys virus was incubated for1 h in 5 molar excess Texas Red-maleimide. Dye-conjugated viruswas separated from the excess dye by sucrose gradient centrifugation.

Genetic Manipulation of the TMV coat protein for the deposition of Nanoparticles

U1 strain of TMV as parental construct for the creation of TMV1cys

Addition of TGT codon into TMV coat protein at 3‘position through PCR based mutagenesis mutation

Creation of TMV1cys

Generate infectious RNA transcripts

Inoculate Nicotine tobaccum

Inoculate plant harvested at 20 days

Reverse transcriptase PCR fallowed by sequencing was used to confirm and maintenance TGT codon into coat protein ORF

purified virus.

Fluorescent labeling of TMV1cys virion

Fabrication of patterned capture surfaces

Containing single standard DNA complement to 5’ end of TMV genomic RNA war fabricated

Specially selective assembely of tmv non tempelates bya hybridization (separate protocol)

In this way we can say that ability of TMV1 cyst to function as a template for the deposition of nano particles ,metal cluster like gold, platinum etc.

• Note:- Genetic manipulation in virus (virus hybrid) does not change biological fitness of virus.

• Ability of TMV1 cys to function as tempelatefor the deposition of nanoparticles.

Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture

• Precision farming• Gathering of information about sapatial and temporal

variation with in a field, this information is then used to manage input practices in farming such a manner that one acheives maximum output with minimum input.

• GPS for precision farming • Global positioning systemis widely used in agriculture.

It is space based, global based navigation system that provides a reliable information about any location in all weathers and at all times and any where on the earth. Maimtained by US government accesible by anyone with a GPS receiver device.

• Three essential parts

• The space segment

• The control segment

• User segment

• Nanotechnology enabled devices will be increase use of autonomous sensor linked into GPS system. These nanosensors could be distributed throughout field where the can monitor soil conditions and crop growth wireless sensors are already being used in certain parts of USA and Australlia.

• GPS system making farmers to better decesion

Mapping yield

Mapping variable rate planting

Suggesting variable optimum fertelizers

Suggesting variable optimum pestecides

Field mapping for record and insurance purpose

• Nanoscaled device for delivery of pesticide herbicide, fertilizer and growth regulator

• Integrated pest management• Nanoscale devices with nobel properties could

become visible to the farmer. Such devices could be used to deliver chemical in controlled manner in the same way as nanomedecines are used for drug delivery in humans

• Particle farming• Nanofilteration and water purification• Electrospining in cotton industry

Application of Nanotechnology in agriculture sector in India

• Nano fertilizers for slow release and efficient use of water and fertilizer by plants .

• Nanocides (pesticides in capsulated in nanoparticles) for controlled release.

• Nanoemulsion for greater effeciency.

• Nanoparticles for soil conservation

Application of Nanotechnology in food industry

• Smart packaging system

• Packaging film

• Detection of food contamination

• Good food sensor

• Terrorist attack on fruit supply

• Nanosensor for food market

Present status of Nanotechnology in world food market

• USA leading 1st position fallowed by Japan andEuropean union securing 3rd position in theworld.

• In developing world, china’s share of academicpublications in nanoscale science rose from7.5% in 1995 to 18.3% in 2004, taking countryfrom 5th to 2nd place in the world howeverIndia now focus on applications specific to theeconomic growth.

• More than400 companies around the worldtoday are active in Nanoscience are researchand development (R& D) may be 1000 in nextten year (2010 – 2020).

• In terms of companies based onnanotechnology USA leads fallowed by Japan,China and EU.