History of Diagnostic Procedures:

Leeuwenhoek = Microorganism

Robert Koch = Infectious disease = Microorganism

1) Examination under Microscope

2) In vitro Culturing

Problems: All microbes can not be differentiated

and some can not be observed

Problems: Not all Microbes can be cultured and

beside it is very Tedious and slow process

3) Immunological Diagnostic Procedures:

Edward Jenner = First vaccine = Small pox vaccine

Louis Pauster = Vaccine against Cholera

Shows Some Defensive Mechanism Involved

Which is composed Complex Cellular System

Lymphatic System

B.Cell “Antibody”

One B.cell = One Type of Antibody

Epitope Pathogen = Antigen

One Antigen may = More than One Epitope

“Polyclonal Antibody”: Obtained by inserting antigen into the body of animal

Problems

No Continuous Source

Effectiveness variesSolution:Culture B.Cells and produce antibodies through them

Problem: B.Cells can

not be cultured

Monoclonal Antibodies:

Antibodies Produced by Same B.Cells

Specificity Towards A Particular Epitope

Solution to Last Problem “Hydridoma Tech”

Hybrid CellB.CellProduces the Desired antibody

Compatible CellPerform the Function of Division Myeloma Cells No Functional HGRPT gene

B.Cell Suspension Myeloma Cell Suspension

Combined Cell Suspension PEG

HAT media

Fused Myeloma-B.Cell Grow (other dies)

Screen those Cell Which Produce Desired Antibodies

•These Monoclonal antibodies produced are used for various purposes and regarding this presentation, the most relevant use of Monoclonal antibodies is in Diagnosis of diseases.