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International Conference on Integrated SystemsMarch 3-6, 2015, IITA Ibadan, Nigeria
Arinloye D.A. (ICRAF-WCA)Binam J.N (ICRAF-WCA)Sissoko M.M. (ICRISAT)Traore P.C.S. (ICRISAT)Kalinganire A., (ICRAF-WCA)Savadogo P. (ICRAF-WCA/ICRISAT)
Marketing and management decisions in the dryland systems
Does women voice count?
State of Gender gaps
• The FAO, SOFA study published in 2012 present evidence showing that whilst women represent 43% of the agricultural workforce in all developing countries they do not have the same access as men to resources.
• Yield gaps between men and women farmers which average around 20-30% (FAO, 2010)
State of Gender gaps
• FAO (2011: 42) estimates that reducing these gender gaps could raise yields on women’s farms by 20-30 percent
• This would raise total agricultural yields in developing countries by 2.5-4 percent, reducing the number of hungry people in the world by 100-150 million.
State of Gender gaps
• In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), gender norms and ideologies give women more autonomy than in South Asia and in North Africa and West Asia.
• SSA women usually have rights to their own plots, animals or commercial enterprises though they have an obligation to work on household crops, livestock or fish activities, and provide labor to their husband's agricultural enterprises
Capacity development : Knowledge-sharing
• Equitable access to improved technologies for women and men
• Development and testing of transformative gender approaches
Capacity building on leadership: minimum request of 3/10 participants been women per village target 5/10
Strategic gender research
• What are the role played by and place reserved for women in natural resources management in the drylands Systems?
• What are the complexities of decision making and management powers of women related to natural resources management and crop-tree-livestock production in DS
Key research questions
520 Households
6089 individuals:
1866 from 2 Mali sites
3448 from 4 Nigeria sites
336 from 2 Niger sites
439 from 2 Ghana sites
+ Focus group discussions
520 Households
6089 individuals:
1866 from 2 Mali sites
3448 from 4 Nigeria sites
336 from 2 Niger sites
439 from 2 Ghana sites
+ Focus group discussions
Decision taking in the households: Ghana
%Male(n=212)
%Female(n=221) Sig.
Taking decision on Nothing 53.11 46.89 (2.05)nsStaple crops selection and management 55.29 44.71 (1.75)nsCash crops selection and management 50 50 ( 0.002)nsStaple crops marketing 29.63 70.37 (9.1)**Management of small ruminants 82.61 17.39 ( 9.54)***Management of large ruminants 66.67 33.33 (0.77)nsMarketing of small ruminants 83.33 16.67 ( 1.84)nsManagement of water for agriculture 16.67 83.33 (2.52)nsManagement of water for consumption 4.35 95.65 (10.9)***Non-farm activities 50 50 (0.002)nsHousehold income allocation 55.56 44.44 (0.16)ns
Decision taking in the households: Mali
%Male %FemaleSig.(n=967) (n=877)
Taking decision on Nothing 50.15 49.85 ( 9.13)***Staple crops selection and management 97.67 2.33 (75.2)***Cash crops selection and management 33.33 66.67 ( 7.79)***Staple crops marketing 100 0 -Cash crops marketing 100 0 -Management of small ruminants 83.33 16.67 (9.54)***Management of large ruminants 97.06 2.94 (28.1)***Marketing of small ruminants 100 0 -Marketing of large ruminants 100 0 -Management of water for agriculture 100 0 -Management of water for consumption 20.83 79.17 (8.79)***Non-farm activities 86.36 13.64 (10.5)***Household income allocation 11.63 88.37 ( 28.79)***
Decision taking in the households: Niger
%Male %Female
Sig.(n=156) (n= 150)
Taking decision on Nothing 52.14 47.86 (0.53)ns
Staple crops selection and management 85.71 14.29 (3.64)*
Staple crops marketing 100 0 -
Cash crops marketing 0 100 -Management of small ruminants 14.29 85.71 (3.64)*
Management of large ruminants 100 0 -Marketing of small ruminants 100 0 -
Management of water for consumption 20.83 79.17 (8.79)***
Non-farm activities 33.33 66.67 (0.67)ns
Decision taking in the households: Nigeria
%Male %FemaleSig.(n=1795) (n=1637)
Taking decision on Nothing 43.34 56.66 (397.5)***Staple crops selection and management 97.24 2.76 ( 122.5)***Cash crops selection and management 86.96 13.04 ( 33.8)***Staple crops marketing 100 0 (51.9)***Cash crops marketing 100 0 ( 45.3)***Management of small ruminants 67.48 32.52 (11.7)***Management of large ruminants 91.94 8.06 (39.7)***Marketing of small ruminants 100 0 (45.3)***Marketing of large ruminants 90.16 9.84 ( 35.6)nsNon-farm activities 63.64 36.36 (0.56)nsHousehold income allocation 100 0 (2.73)*
Does women voice count?
• Overall, women have very little control over marketing decisions, except in Niger where women were found to control cash crop marketing (i.e. millet, cowpea and sorghum)
• In Ghana, staple food crop marketing was under the control of women
• Being in charge of marketing does not necessarily mean that women have equal control over the income generated from the sales
Does women voice count?
• Women in Ghana choose the markets for selling, bargain the prices with the buyers, but then return generated income to the male household head after transactions
• High variability according to the type of decisions, and important differences between countries and ethnic groups, suggesting
• Need to for a context specific understanding of women’s decision making powers
For more information
ICRAF-West and Central Africa, Sahel Bamako, Mali
Further reading Degrande, A. and Arinloye, D.-D.A. 2014 Gender in Agroforestry:
Implications for Action-Research. Nature & Faune, 29(1) 6-11
Thank you