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INTERLEUKINS & THEIR ROLE
VIPIN MOHAN2011-09-112College of AgricultureVellayani, TVM
• Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins andsignaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).
• the term was coined by Dr Vern Paetkau, University of Victoria in 1979
• The term interleukin derives from (inter-) "as a means of communication", and (-leukin) "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes".
• The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins.
• rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.
• The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helperCD4 T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells.
• They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes,and hematopoietic cells.
Common families of interleukins
– Interleukin 1– Interleukin 2– Interleukin 3– Interleukin 4– Interleukin 5– Interleukin 6– Interleukins 7 and 9– Interleukin 8– Interleukin 10– Interleukin 11– Interleukin 12– Interleukin 13– Interleukin 15– Interleukin 17– Interleukin 18– Interleukin 23
• Interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis
• Interleukin 1 also plays a role in the Central Nervous System.
Interleukin 1
Produced by activated Macrophages, Endothelia Cells, B-Cells, andFibroblast Cells.
L-1 also augments CorticoSteroid release, induces fever and shivering - useful responses, because elevated body temperature reduces Bacterial growth.
Interleukin 2
• T Lymphocytes regulate the growth and differentiation of T cells and certain B cells through the release of secreted protein factors.
• These factors, which includeinterleukin 2 (IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T cells, and have various physiological effects.
• IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T cells.
• In addition, it acts on some B cells, via receptor-specific binding, as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. .
Interleukin 3
• Interleukin 3 (IL3) is a cytokine that regulates blood-cell production by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages.
• The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T cells and mast cells,and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.
INTERLEUKIN 4
• Interleukin 4 (IL4) is produced by CD4 T cells specialized in providing help to B cells to proliferate and to undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.
• Stimulates production of AntiBody-producing B-Cells, leading to the production of IgG & IgE.
• IL-4 also promotes CD8+ Cell growth and promotes TH2 Cell differention.
Interleukin 5
• Interleukin 5 (IL5), also known as eosinophil differentiation factor (EDF), is a lineage-specific cytokine for eosinophilpoiesis.
• It regulates eosinophil growth and activation,and thus plays an important role in diseases associated with increased levels of eosinophils, including asthma.
Interleukin 6
• Interleukin 6 (IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions.
• It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into IG-secreting cells, nerve cell differentiation, and, in hepatocytes.
• Is produced by many cell types, including T-Cells, Macrophages, B-Cells, Fibroblasts, and Endothelia Cells.
• IL-6 stimulates several types of Leukocytes, and the production of Acute Phase Proteins in the Liver.
• IL-6 is particularly important in inducing B-Cells to differentiate into AntiBody Forming Cells (Plasma Cells).
Interleukin 7
• InterLeukin-7 (IL-7)• Is made by Bone Marrow Stroma Cells
and acts on Thymocytes.• IL-7 is a T-Cell growth and activation
factor, and a Macrophage Activation Factor.
• Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a cytokine that serves as a growth factor for early lymphoid cells of both B- and T-cell lineages.
Interleukin 8
• InterLeukin-8 (IL-8)• Is produced by most cells of the body,
especially Macrophages andEndothelia Cells.
• IL-8 enhances Inflammation, by enabling Immune Cells to migrate into tissue, & is a powerful inducer of Chemotaxis for Neutrophil Cells.
Interleukin 9
• InterLeukin-9 (IL-9)• Up-regulates Th1 responses (Enhancing
Inflammation) by inhibiting T-Cell Apoptosis.
• Interleukin 9(IL-9) is a cytokine that supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T cells.
• Interleukin 7 and 9 seems to be evolutionary related.
Interleukin 10
• Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells.
• TNF-. IL-10 is also very important in B-Cell activation
• Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a secreted protein that stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis, resulting in increased production of platelets, as well as activating osteoclasts, inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibiting macrophage mediator production.
• These functions may be particularly important in mediating the hematopoietic, osseous and mucosal protective effects of interleukin 11.
• Family members seem to be restricted to mammals.
Interleukin 11
Interleukin 12
• Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a disulphide-bonded heterodimer consisting of a 35kDa alpha subunit and a 40kDa beta subunit.
• It is involved in the stimulation and maintenance of Th1 cellular immune responses, including the normal host defence against various intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Measles virus, andHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV).
• IL-12 also has an important role in pathological Th1 responses, such as in inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis.
Interleukin 13
• Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses.
• It inhibits production of Macrophage Inflamatory Cytokines.
• with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis.
Interleukin 15
• Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that possesses a variety of biological functions, including stimulation and maintenance of cellular immune responses.
• Shares several biological activities with IL-2 and is produced by both Epithelial Cells and Monocytes.
• IL-15 also induces T-Cellproliferation, enhances NK Cell CytoToxicity and stimulates B-Cells to proliferate and secrete ImmunoGlobulins.
Interleukin 17
• Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated memory T cells.
• The IL-17 family is thought to represent a distinct signalling system that appears to have been highly conserved across vertebrate evolution.
Interleukin 18
• InterLeukin-18 (IL-18)• Induces Interferon-gamma (IFN-)
production.
Interleukin 23
• InterLeukin-23 (IL-23)• One of the essential factors
required for the expansion of pathogenic CD4+ T-Cells, which is characterized by the production of IL-17, IL-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor
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