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INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON
GERMINATION OF VARIOUS AGROSTIS CULTIVARS
D.E. CARROLL AND J.E. KAMINSKI
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
CREEPING BENTGRASS (AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA)
• Important Species to Golf Courses
• Many Maintain Bentgrass Putting Greens
• Widespread Use
ABG In CBG
ANNUAL BLUEGRASS (POA ANNUA L.)
• Winter Annual
• Common Weed on Golf Courses
• Susceptible to Extreme Temperatures
WINTER DAMAGE
• Caused by Desiccation, Direct Low Temperature Kill, Anoxia, or Crown Hydration (Aamlid et al., 2009)
• Occurs Sporadically Throughout Northeast U.S.
• In 2015 80% of Those Surveyed Reported Winter Kill (USGA, 2015)
• Superintendents Have a Small Window to Establish New Turf
EARLY SPRING ESTABLISHMENT
• Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) Often Seeded into Bare Areas
• Little Information is Known About the Influence of Temperature on Germination
• Bentgrass Germination at Low Temperatures May Result in Quicker Establishment
OBJECTIVE
• Elucidate the Influence of Temperature on Bentgrass Germination
MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Bentgrass Cultivars (n = 18)
• Water Agar– Average of 60 Seeds Per Plate
• Temperatures (n = 4)– 10˚C, 15˚C, 20˚C, 25˚C
– 24 Hour Darkness
BENTGRASS CULTIVARSCultivar Company Species
Alpha Simplot Creeping
Cobra2 Pickseed Creeping
Crystal Bluelinks Tee 2 Green Creeping
Focus Pickseed Creeping
Mackenzie Seed Res of Oregon Creeping
Penn A1 Tee 2 Green Creeping
Penn A4 Tee 2 Green Creeping
Penncross Tee 2 Green Creeping
Pureformance Tee 2 Green Creeping
*Agrostis canina – Velvet Bentgrass
Cultivar Company Species
Pure Distinction Tee 2 Green Creeping
Pure Select Tee 2 Green Creeping
SR 1150 Seed Res of Oregon Creeping
T-1 Simplot Creeping
Tyee Seed Res of Oregon Creeping
V8 Simplot Creeping
Vesper Pickseed Velvet*
Villa DLF Int Seeds Velvet*
007 Seed Res of Oregon Creeping
MATERIALS AND METHODS
• CRD with 4 Reps
• Germinated Seeds Counted and Removed Daily
• Incubators Re-Randomized and Study Repeated
• Data Analyzed With SAS, MIXED Procedure
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 25˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
CDEBCD
AB
ABC
C-FBCDCDE
G
DEF
BCDC-F
EF
BCDA-DC-F
F
BCD
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 25˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
CDEBCD
AB
ABC
C-FBCDCDE
G
DEF
BCDC-F
EF
BCDA-DC-F
F
BCD
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 20˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
ABCABA
AB
B-EB-ECDE
F
DE
A-DB-EA-ECDE
A-DB-E
E
ABC
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 20˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
ABCABA
AB
B-EB-ECDE
F
DE
A-DB-EA-ECDE
A-DB-E
E
ABC
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 15˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
A-DA-D
ABABC
CDECDECDE
G
DEF
ABCCDEBCD
EF
CDEC-F
F
A-D
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 15˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
A-DA-D
ABABC
CDECDECDE
G
DEF
ABCCDEBCD
EF
CDEC-F
F
A-D
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 10˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
D-GC-F
A
BCD
B
BCCDE
H
E-H
BC
C-FC-F
FGHE-HD-G
GH
D-G
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 10˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
D-GC-F
A
BCD
B
BCCDE
H
E-H
BC
C-FC-F
FGHE-HD-G
GH
D-G
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 10˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
D-GC-F
A
BCD
B
BCCDE
H
E-H
BC
C-FC-F
FGHE-HD-G
GH
D-G
Perc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
TOTAL PERCENT GERMINATION 10˚C
0102030405060708090
100
Cultivar
A
D-GC-F
A
BCD
B
BCCDE
E-H
BC
C-FC-F
FGHE-HD-G
GH
D-G
HPerc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
GERMINATION OF SELECT CULTIVARS 10˚C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Pure Select
Penn A4
Crystal Bluelinks
007
Pureformance
Pure Distinction
Focus
Tyee
MacKenzie
T-1
Villa
E-HPerc
ent
Ger
min
atio
n
Day
A
A
B
BCBCD
E-HFGHGHH
BC
RESULTS
• Pure Select = Penn A4 > Crystal Bluelinks =Pure Distinction = 007 = Pureformance Among Highest Total Germination
• T-1 = Mackenzie = Focus = Tyee Among Lowest Total Germination
• Villa had Poor Germination (<16%) – Fungal Contamination
RESULTS
• At 10C, All Cultivars Began to Germinate ~11-12 Days After Incubation
• Except for Penn A4, Germination Leveled Off Around 13-14 Days After Incubation
• Penn A4 Leveled Off Around Day 15-16
CONCLUSION
• Fungus Inhibited Villa
• Germination Differences Among Cultivars Existed
• Turfgrass Managers Can Use This Information to Select Cultivars for Seeding in Early Spring
– Pure Select or Penn A4
• Consider Other Factors in Selection
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Students & Staff
– Tim Lulis
– Patrizia Rollo
– Cameron Stephens