CONCERN, FLAVOUR, AND VALUES: BEYOND THE DODO'S VERDICT Digby Tantam Director, Septimus Ltd Emeritus Professor, University of Sheffield Honorary Visiting Senior Research Fellow, University of Cambridge
1. CONCERN, FLAVOUR, AND VALUES: BEYOND THE DODO'S VERDICT
Digby Tantam Director, Septimus Ltd Emeritus Professor, University
of Sheffield Honorary Visiting Senior Research Fellow, University
of Cambridge
2. 2
3. 3 Psychotherapy is a general term for treating mental health
problems by talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other
mental health provider. During psychotherapy, you learn about your
condition and your moods, feelings, thoughts and behaviors. Mayo
Clinic
4. 4 Psychotherapy is a general term for treating mental health
problems by talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other
mental health provider. During psychotherapy, you learn about your
condition and your moods, feelings, thoughts and behaviors. Mayo
Clinic
5. PSYCHOTHERAPY CONTEXT 1. Psychotherapy is effective 5
6. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION RESOLUTION ON THE
RECOGNITION OF PSYCHOTHERAPY EFFECTIVENESS, 2012
HTTP://WWW.APA.ORG/ABOUT/POLICY/RESOLUTION-PSYCHOTHERAPY.ASPX
WHEREAS: the effects of psychotherapy are noted in the research as
follows: The general or average effects of psychotherapy are widely
accepted to be significant and large, (Chorpita et al., 2011;
Smith, Glass, & Miller, 1980; Wampold, 2001). 6
7. Click to edit Master title 7 WHO Europe
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-
topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-
health/data-and-statistics
8. WHO WORLD HEALTH ATLAS, 2014, PUBLISHED 17 JUL 2015
www.existentialacademy.com 8
9. PSYCHOTHERAPY CONTEXT 2. The benefit of short-term therapy
9
10. The doseeffect relationship in psychotherapy. By Howard,
Kenneth I.; Kopta, S. Mark; Krause, Merton S.; Orlinsky, David E.
American Psychologist, Vol 41(2), Feb 1986, 159-164.
11. The doseeffect relationship in psychotherapy. By Howard,
Kenneth I.; Kopta, S. Mark; Krause, Merton S.; Orlinsky, David E.
American Psychologist, Vol 41(2), Feb 1986, 159-164. Remoralization
Symptom change Improvement in life-functioning
12. PSYCHOTHERAPY CONTEXT 3. There is a large placebo effect
12
13. THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY: AN EVALUATION. EYSENCK, H. J.
JOURNAL OF CONSULTING PSYCHOLOGY, VOL 16(5), OCT 1952, 319-324.
HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1037/H0063633
14. Grossarth-Maticek, R., & Eysenck, H. J. (1995).
Self-regulation and mortality from cancer, coronary heart disease,
and other causes: A prospective study. Personality and Individual
Differences, 19(6), 781-795. Grossarth-Maticek, R., & Eysenck,
H. J. (1995). Self-regulation and mortality from cancer, coronary
heart disease, and other causes: A prospective study. Personality
and Individual Differences, 19(6), 781-795.
15. Kirsch, I., Deacon, B. J., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Scoboria,
A., Moore, T. J., & Johnson, B. T. (2008). Initial Severity and
Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the
Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med, 5(2), e45. doi:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045
16. PSYCHOTHERAPY CONTEXT 4. There is a large non-specific
effect of common factors 16
17. THE DODO BIRD VERDICT
18. THE DODO BIRD VERDICT
19.
HTTP://WWW.APA.ORG/ABOUT/POLICY/RESOLUTION-PSYCHOTHERAPY.ASPX These
large effects of psychotherapy are quite constant across most
diagnostic conditions, with variations being more influenced by
general severity than by particular diagnosesThat is, variations in
outcome are more heavily influenced by patient characteristics
e.g., chronicity, complexity, social support, and intensityand by
clinician and context factors than by particular diagnoses or
specific treatment "brands" (Beutler, 2009; Beutler & Malik,
2002a, 2002b; Malik & Beutler, 2002; Wampold, 2001) 19
20. Imel, Zac E; Wampold, Bruce E (2008). "The importance of
treatment and the science of common factors in psychotherapy". In
Brown, Steven D; Lent, Robert W. Handbook of counseling psychology
(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 249262. Up to
70% of the variance of the effects of psychotherapy Jerome Frank.
Persuasion and healing First attempt to formulate universal
therapeutic factors for combatting demoralization 20
21. PSYCHOTHERAPY CONTEXT 6. Some people get worse with
antidepressants and psychotherapy, which effects estimates of
outcome variance 21
22. PSYCHOTHERAPY CONTEXT 7. Many people drop out or are non-
compliant with all mental health or psychological treatments
22
23. NON SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY Persistence in
therapy The therapeutic relationship Lindfors, O., Knekt, P.,
Heinonen, E., Hrknen, T., & Virtala, E. (2015). The
effectiveness of short- and long-term psychotherapy on personality
functioning during a 5-year follow- up. Journal of Affective
Disorders, 173, 31-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.039
24. Click to edit Master title Symptoms versus predisposition
Symptomatic treatments are short-term, dispositional change is
long-term Symptoms are not the only outcome Well-being Quality of
life Relationship quality 24 SPECIFIC EFFECTS
25. From: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Psychoanalytic
Psychotherapy or Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa
American Journal of Psychiatry FIGURE 2. PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS
REPORTING NO BINGE EATING OR PURGING OVER THE PREVIOUS 28 DAYS AND
MEAN EATING DISORDER EXAMINATION (EDE) GLOBAL SCORES a N=70;
missing values replaced by last observation carried forward.
Copyright American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.
Date of download: 07/24/2015
26. 26
27. Click to edit Master title People persist in therapy if it
addresses their preoccupying concern Therapists who are effective
in the area of preoccupying concern will have better outcomes
because: a. Their clients will stick with them; b. They will
receive more of any specific effect 27 PRE-OCCUPYING CONCERN
28. SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF EXISTENTIAL THERAPY What pre-occupying
concern does existential therapy address?
29. 31
30. 1) People possess orienting systems (global meaning) that
provide them with cognitive tools to interpret their experiences
and motivate their functioning in the world. 2) People appraise the
situations that they encounter, assigning a meaning to them. 3) The
extent to which that appraised meaning is discrepant with their
global meaning determines the extent to which they experience
distress. 4) The distress caused by discrepancy initiates a process
of meaning making. 5) There are many ways to make meaning. 6)
Through meaning making, individuals reduce the discrepancy between
appraised and global meaning and restore a sense of the world as
meaningful and their own lives as worthwhile. 7) Meaning making,
when successful, leads to better adjustment to the stressful event
PARK, C. L. (2013). TRAUMA AND MEANING MAKING: CONVERGING
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND EMERGING EVIDENCE THE EXPERIENCE OF MEANING
IN LIFE: CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVES, EMERGING THEMES, AND CONTROVERSIES
(VOL. 9789400765276, PP. 61-76).
31. THE ROLE OF EXISTENTIALIST PHILOSOPHY Kierkegaard, and the
abyss Nietzsche and his shame Edith Stein and her rejection by the
University Even Heidegger and his discovery that he was not the
father of his son, and his consequent loss of faith Sartre and his
mothers remarriage
32. A BIGGER CONCERN? The humdrum life could be a life of
anxiety, conflict, addiction Kierkegaard called the aesthetic life
Nietzsche: ressentiment Heidegger: fallenness, inauthenticity?
Sartre Mauvaise foi: tre en soi, tre pour lautrui Emmy van Deurzen:
self-deception. 34
33. OTHER MATCHES BETWEEN CLIENT AND THERAPIST Matching values
Palatable emotional flavour 36
34. Freedom, Responsibility and the Meaning of Being A historic
and unique gathering of existential therapists from across the
world. OUR KIND SPONSORS
35. DIGBY AND EMMY CO-CHAIRS AT THE OPENING SESSION.
36. FIRST WORLD CONGRESS OF EXISTENTIAL THERAPY 39
37. VALUES SYMPTOMATIC Symptoms are a problem to be fixed My
life would be fine, except for the symptoms Ive got into bad habits
or wrong thinking ET Freedom: Not living falsely Being engaged The
ideality of values values derive their meaning from an original
projection of myself which stands as my choice of myself in the
world. Sartre, Being and Nothingness I am answerable for my own
life to myself (Absurdity: do not look for justification in
absolutes) Why I continue to live is not determined by other people
That all human beings are intersubjectively connected
38. EMOTIONAL FLAVOUR SYMPTOMATIC Calming Friendly Confident
Relief ET Not at home Anguish Transcendence Resoluteness
Satisfaction