Freud’s Psychoanalys

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Presented By: Saurav Bikram

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Sigmund Freud

• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the father of psychoanalysis, was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and influential thinker of the early twentieth century

• Working initially in close collaboration with Joseph Breuer, Freud elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy-system, the structural investigation of which is the proper province of psychology

• He articulated and refined the concepts of the unconscious, infantile sexuality and repression.

• He proposed the mind’s structure—all as part of a radically new conceptual and therapeutic frame of reference for the understanding of human psychological development and the treatment of abnormal mental conditions.

• After studying medicine at the University of Vienna, Freud worked and gained respect as a physician. Through his work with respected French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, Freud became fascinated with the emotional disorder known as hysteria.

• His friend and mentor Dr. Josef Breuer introduced him to the case study of a patient known as Anna O.

• The two physicians concluded that there was no organic cause

for Anna O's difficulties, but that having her talk about her experiences had a calming effect on the symptoms. Freud and Breuer published the work Studies in Hysteria in 1895. It was she herself who referred to the treatment as "the talking cure."

Joseph Breuer 1842- 1945Anna. O (1859–1936)

•Austrian physician who made key discoveries in neurophysiology•Acknowledged by Sigmund Freud and others as the principal forerunner of psychoanalysis

•Anna O. was the pseudonym of a patient named  Bertha Pappenheim•Austrian-Jewish feminist and the founder of the Jüdischer Frauenbund (League of Jewish Women), a social pioneer

• His works include The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905). These works became world famous, but Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages has long been a subject of criticism and debate.

• Freud also influenced many other prominent psychologists, including his daughter Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson, and Carl Jung.

• In 1896, after the death of his father, Freud felt compelled to learn more about his own psyche. He decided to psychoanalyze himself, setting aside a portion of each day to examine his own memories and dreams, beginning with his early childhood.

• During these sessions, Freud developed his theory of the Oedipal complex (named for the Greek tragedy), in which he proposed that all young boys are attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals. As a normal child matured, he would grow away from his mother. Freud described a similar scenario for fathers and daughters, calling it the Electra complex (also from Greek mythology).

Major Publications by Sigmund Freud: (1895) Studies in Hysteria (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams (1901) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1905) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of

Hysteria (1923) The Ego and the Id (1930) Civilization and its Discontents (1939) Moses and Monotheism

Psychoanalytic theory• According to Freud, there are

only two basic drives that serve to motivates all thoughts, emotions and behaviour.

• These two drives are sex and aggression or Eros and Thanatos, or life and death, respectively, they underlie every motivation we as humans experience.

• While it sounds primitive, it must not be looked at merely as sexual activity and aggressive acts.

• These drives entail the whole survival instinct and could, perhaps, be combined into this one drive, the drive to stay alive, procreate and prevent others from stopping or reducing these needs.

• Freud became convinced that many of the nervous symptoms displayed by patients could not be explained purely from a physiological point of view.  

• Nor could the rational and systematic laws of science be applied to irrational and self-defeating behaviours such as phobias and conversion hysterias (physical complaints that have no apparent physiological cause).  

• It was against this background that Freud developed his now famous psychoanalytic treatment of neurotic disorders.

• His therapeutic work led to the development of a comprehensive theory of personality and child development which focused largely on the emotional aspects of human functioning.  

• Thus the term psychoanalysis can relate both to the treatment and to the theory. 

Psychoanalytical Theory of Personal Development

• The personality consists of three major structures: The id, which is biologically determined and represents all the instinctual drives which are inherited; The ego, which develops in order to help satisfy the id's needs in a socially acceptable way The superego, representing the individual's internal framework (conscience and ego ideal) of the moral values which exist in the surrounding culture.

The Id

• The id works in keeping with the pleasure principle, which can be understood as a demand to take care of needs immediately.

• The hungry infant, screaming itself blue. It doesn't "know" what it wants in any adult sense; it just knows that it wants it and it wants it now. The infant, in the Freudian view, is pure, or nearly pure id. And the id is nothing if not the psychic representative of biology.

Unfortunately, although a wish for food, such as the image of a juicy steak, might be enough to satisfy the id, it isn't enough to satisfy the organism. The need only gets stronger, and the wishes just keep coming.

But when one hasn’t satisfied some need, such as the need for food, it begins to demand more and more of attention, until there comes a point where one can't think of anything else. This is the wish or drive breaking into consciousness.

The Ego

• The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the reality principle, which says "take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found." It represents reality and, to a considerable extent, reason. However, as the ego struggles to keep the id (and, ultimately, the organism) happy, it meets with obstacles in the world.

• It occasionally meets with objects that actually assist it in attaining its goals. And it keeps a record of these obstacles and aides. In particular, it keeps track of the rewards and punishments meted out by two of the most influential objects in the world of the child - mom and dad.

• It is not completed until about seven years of age. In some people, it never is completed.

The Superego• The superego  reflects the internalization of cultural rules,

mainly taught by parents applying their guidance and influence. 

• There are two aspects to the superego: One is the conscience, which is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The other is called the ego ideal. It derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child.

• The conscience and ego ideal communicate their requirements to the ego with feelings like pride, shame, and guilt.

Topographical Model of Personality

Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud believed that behaviour and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness: the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious. 

The Iceberg Metaphor

Freud likened these three levels of mind to an iceberg. The top of the iceberg that you can see above the water represents the conscious mind. The part of the iceberg that is submerged below the water but is still visible is the preconscious. The bulk of the iceberg lies unseen beneath the waterline and represents the unconscious.

• The conscious mind: This includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness.

• The preconscious mind: This is the part of the mind that represents ordinary memory. While we are not consciously aware of this information at any given time, we can retrieve it and pull it into consciousness when needed.

• The unconscious mind: This is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behaviour and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.

Stages of Psychosexual Development

• Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development are, like other stage theories completed in predetermined sequence and can result in either successful completion or a healthy personality or result in failure, leading to unhealthy personality.

• This theory, probably most controversial, as Freud believed that we develop through stages based upon a particular erogenous zone.

• During each stage, an unsuccessful completion means that the child becomes fixated on that particular erogenous zone and either over or under indulges once s/he becomes an adult.

1. Oral Stage—Birth to 18 months

• During the oral stage, the child is focused on oral pleasures (sucking, swallowing, biting).

• Too much or too little gratification can result in an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is evidenced by a preoccupation with oral activities.

• This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over-eat, or bit his nails.

• Personality wise, these individuals may become overly dependent on others, gullible and perpetual followers. On the other hand, they may also develop pessimism and aggression toward others.

• Traits developed:

Children learn to postpone satisfaction of their needs.

They become aware of themselves and others. With this awareness, comes the realization, that all wishes cannot be fulfilled.

2. Anal Stage—18 months to 3 years

• The child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining faeces.

• Through society’s pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn to control anal stimulation.

• In terms of personality, after effects of an anal fixation during this stage can result in an obsession with cleanliness, perfection and control (anal retentive). On the opposite end of the spectrum, they may become messy and disorganised (anal expulsive).

• Traits developed:

Successful resolution of this phase provides basis for:the development of personal autonomy,a capacity for independence and personal initiative and without guilt, a capacity for self-determination without a sense of shame or self doubt, lack of ambivalence and capacity of cooperation.

3. Phallic Stage—Ages 3 to 6 years

• The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. During this stage boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers. Because of this, he becomes rivals with his father and sees him as competition for the mother’s affection.

• During this time, boys also develop a fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them. This group of feelings is known as Oedipus Complex (after the Greek Mythological figure who accidentally killed his father and married his mother.)

• Later it was added that girls go through a similar situation, developing unconscious sexual attraction to their father. Although Freud disagreed with this theory, it has been called the Electra Complex.

• According to Freud, out of fear of castration and due to the strong competition of his father, boys eventually decide to identify with him rather than fight him. By identifying with his father, the boy develops masculine characteristics and identifies himself as a male and represses his sexual feelings toward his mother.

• Traits developed: The phallic stage provides the foundation for a sense of sexual

identity, a sense of curiosity without embarrassment, initiative without guilt, as well as a sense of mastery over objects, persons and internal processes and impulses.

The superego appears in the child. A fixation at this stage could result in sexual deviances, both

overindulging and avoidance and weak or confused sexual identity.

4. Latency Stage—Age 6 to puberty

• It is during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers. They involve themselves in socially valued activities.

• Traits developed:The latency period is regarded as less important

in the development scheme. No conflict or impulses arise. The superego becomes mature.

5. Genital Stage—Puberty on

• The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened.

• Through the lessons learned during the previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers where the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals.

• Traits developed:

The successful resolution and reintegration of pervious psychosexual stages in adolescent sets the stage for a mature personality with a capacity for full and satisfying capacity for self realization and meaningful participation in the areas of work, love and in creative and productive application of satisfying and meaningful goals and values.

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